Russia ine tsika refu yekudya pasina nyama panguva yekutsanya. Zvakadaro, vegetarianism yemazuva ano, iyo yakamuka kuMadokero pakati pezana ramakore re1890. uye zvino ave nekuvandudzwa kunoshamisa, akauya kwaari chete muma1917. Kutenda kusimba raLN Tolstoy, pamwe nemabasa emasayendisiti akadai saAN Beketov uye AI Voeikov, sangano rine simba rezvinomera rakaumbwa muRussia Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga isati yasvika. Mubhuku kekutanga zvakadzama, pahwaro hwezvinhu zvekuchengetedza, nyaya yake inoratidzwa. Echo yemafungiro emiti inoratidzwa mumabasa aLeskov, Chekhov, Artsybashev, V. Solovyov, Natalia Nordman, Nazhivin, Mayakovsky, pamwe chete nevanyori Paolo Trubetskoy, Repin, Ge nevamwe vakawanda. Mamiriro evanhu vezvinomera, maresitorendi, magazini, mafungiro evanachiremba kune vegetarianism anoratidzwa; mafambiro anogona kuteverwa mukusimudzirwa kwesangano iri kusvikira kudzvinyirirwa kwaro mushure meXNUMX, apo pfungwa dzezvinomera dzakaramba dziripo chete mu "scientific utopia" uye mu "science fiction".
NG Chernyshevsky
"Bhuku racho rinopa nzvimbo yevanodya zvirimwa zvikuru (L. Tolstoy, N. Chernyshevsky, I. Repin, nezvimwewo)" - ichi chaiva chiziviso chebhuku muna 1992 Vegetarianism muRussia (NK-92-17/34, chinangwa chekutenderera - 15, ivhu - 000 mapepa akadhindwa); bhuku racho, sezvingabvira, harina kumboona chiedza chezuva, kanenge kwete pasi pemusoro iwoyo. Chirevo chekuti NG Chernyshevsky (7 - 1828) aive mudyandi anogona kushamisa avo vanoverenga yake socio-utopian novel. Zvokuita? sechikamu chedzidzo yechikoro inosungirwa. Asi muna 1909 IN Chokwadi, munhu anogona kuverenga chinyorwa chinotevera:
"Gumiguru 17. Zuva remakumi maviri rekufa kwaNikolai Grigorievich [sic!] Chernyshevsky rakapembererwa.
Vazhinji vane pfungwa dzakafanana havazivi kuti pfungwa huru iyi yaive yemusasa wedu.
Muchikamu 18 chemagazini "Nedelya" ye1893 tinowana zvinotevera (chokwadi chinonakidza kune vanodya miriwo kubva muupenyu hwekupedzisira NG Chernyshevsky kuchamhembe kweSiberia). Nedelya anotaura nezvesangano reGermany rinonzi Vegetarische Rundschau uye anonyora kuti: “MuSiberia, muKolymsk, pedyo neYakutsk, munyori webhuku rinonzi Chii Chinofanira Kuitwa ave achigara muutapwa kwemakore 15. Mutapwa ane bindu duku, raanorima pachake; anonyatsoteerera uye anonyatsocherechedza kukura kwemiti yake; akachera ivhu remachakwi mubindu. Chernyshevsky anorarama pane zvokudya iye pachake anogadzira, uye anodya zvokudya zvemiti chete.. Anorarama zvine mwero zvokuti kwegore rose haashandisi ma<em>ruble 120 aanopiwa nehurumende.
Muchinyorwa chokutanga chemagazini ya1910, pasi pomusoro unoti “Tsamba Kumupepeti”, tsamba yakabudiswa nomumwe Y. Chaga, ichiratidza kuti zvikanganiso zvakapinda muchinyorwa chiri muNo.
“Chokutanga, Chernyshevsky akanga ari nhapwa kuSiberia, kwete muKolymsk, asi muVilyuisk, nharaunda yeYakutsk. <...> Chechipiri, Chernyshevsky akanga ari muhutapwa muVilyuisk kwete 15, asi makore gumi nemaviri.
Asi izvi zvese <...> hazvina kukosha: zvakanyanya kukosha ndezvekuti Chernyshevsky pane imwe nguva aive achiziva uye akasimba zvezvinomera. Uye pano ini, zvakare, mukusimbisa chokwadi chekuti mukati memakore aya ehutapwa Chernyshevsky aive mudyari, ndinotaura chirevo chinotevera kubva mubhuku reVl. Berenshtam "Pedyo nezvematongerwo enyika"; munyori anopa nyaya yemudzimai wemukuru weChernyshevsky, pedyo neimba yaaigara kweinenge gore muVilyuysk.
"Iye (Chernyshevsky) haana kudya nyama kana chingwa chena, asi chingwa chitema chete, aidya zviyo, hove nemukaka ...
Zvizhinji zvezvose Chernyshevsky akadya porridge, rye chingwa, tii, howa (muzhizha) uye mukaka, kashoma hove. Paivawo neshiri yemusango muVilyuisk, asi haana kuidya uye bota. Haana chaakadya paimba yomumwe munhu, sokubvunza kwaaiita. Kamwe chete pazuva rezita rangu ndakadya kapie kehove. Akavengawo waini; kana zvikaitika, akazviona, zvino woti: Chibvisa, bvisa! »».
Achitaura nezvebhuku raVl. Berenshtam, zvinogona kusimbiswa kuti muna 1904, J. Chaga, panguva yekufamba nesteamboat pedyo neLena River, akasangana naAlexandra Larionovna Mogilova, mudzimai wemukuru akadaro. Mumuchato wake wokutanga, akanga akaroorwa neasina kutumwa mukuru Gerasim Stepanovich Shchepkin. Uyu murume wake wokutanga akanga ari mutariri wokupedzisira wetorongo muVilyuysk, nzvimbo iyo Chernyshevsky akapedza makore 12 ari muutapwa. Kukurukurirana naye kwakanyorwa verbatim (shanduro pfupi kubva pamiromo yaSchepkin pachake yakabudiswa naSF Mikhalevich kare muna 1905 Russian Pfuma) Muna 1883, AL Mogilova (panguva iyoyo Shchepkina) aigara muVilyuisk. Maererano nenyaya yake, Chernyshevsky, uyo aibvumirwa kubuda mujeri kubva mambakwedza kusvikira manheru, akanga achinonga howa musango. Kutiza mumasango asina mugwagwa kwakanga kusingabviri. Munguva yechando kune husiku huzhinji uye huzhinji, uye mazaya ane simba kupfuura muIrkutsk. Kwakanga kusina miriwo, mbatatisi yakaunzwa kubva kure nengomwa ye 3 rubles pood, asi Chernyshevsky haana kutenga zvachose nekuda kwemari yakakwirira. Aiva nemabhokisi makuru mashanu emabhuku. Muchirimo, kutambudzwa neumhutu kwaityisa: “Mumba macho,” anoyeuka kudaro AL Mogilova, “makanga mune
Ita chokwadi munyaya yeVl. Berenshtam inogoneka nhasi pahwaro hwe data yatinowana mutsamba yeChernyshevsky. Muna 1864, nokuda kwekutora chikamu mune mhirizhonga yevadzidzi uye yevarimi ye1861-1862, pamwe chete nekubatana nevakatamira kune dzimwe nyika AI Herzen neNP makore manomwe ekushanda kwekumanikidzirwa mumigodhi yesirivha yeIrkutsk, ichiteverwa nekutapwa kwehupenyu. Kubva December 1871 kusvika October 1883 akachengetwa mukugara Vilyuisk, iri makiromita 450 kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero Irkutsk. Tsamba dzeChernyshevsky kubva pakutapwa ikoko, dzine chokuita ne1872-1883, dzinogona kuwanikwa mumabhuku eXIV uye XV emabasa akazara emunyori; muchidimbu, tsamba idzi dzakarebesa, sezvo tsamba kuIrkutsk dzaitumirwa kamwe chete mwedzi miviri yoga yoga. Iwe unofanirwa kushivirira kumwe kudzokorora kuitira kupenda mufananidzo uzere.
Chernyshevsky haamboregi kuvimbisa mudzimai wake Olga, vanakomana Alexander naMikhail, uyewo Purofesa AN Pypin, munyori wenhau dzakaitika wetsika anozivikanwa anotsigira mhuri yekutapwa nemari, kuti zvinhu zvose zvakanaka naye: kwete muchiremba, kana. mumishonga, kana mukuzivana nevanhu, kana mukunyaradzwa, ndinogona kugara pano pasina kukuvadzwa kuhutano hwangu, uye pasina kufinhwa, uye pasina chero matambudziko anonzwisisika kune yangu yekusarura yekuravira. Saka akanyorera mudzimai wake Olga Sokratovna pakutanga June 1872, zvinogutsa achimukumbira kusiya pfungwa yokumushanyira. Mutsamba dzinenge dzese - uye kune vanopfuura mazana matatu avo - tinowana zvivimbiso zvekuti ane hutano uye hapana chaanoshaya, achibvunza kuti hapana mari inotumirwa kwaari. Kunyanya kazhinji munyori anotaura nezvemamiriro ekudya kwake uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva mukutapwa: “Ndinonyora zvese nezvekudya; nokuti, ndinofunga, ndicho chete chinhu icho munhu anogona kuramba achikahadzika kana ndakasununguka zvakakwana pano. Zvakanyanya nyore kupfuura zvandinoda maererano nezvandinoda uye zvandinoda <...> Ndinogara pano, sezvavaigara mumazuva ekare, zvichida vachiri kugara, varidzi veminda vepakati mumisha yavo.
Kusiyana nemafungiro ekuti nyaya dzakataurwa pakutanga dzinogona kumutsa, tsamba dzeChernyshevsky kubva kuVilyuisk dzinoramba dzichitaura kwete hove chete, asiwo nyama.
Pana June 1, 1872, anonyorera mudzimai wake achionga mhuri ine mutsa iri kuedza nezvezvokudya zvake: “Chokutanga, zvakaoma kuwana nyama kana kuti hove.” Kutaura zvazviri, hapana nyama kana hove dzaitengeswa kubva muna April kusvika October kana November. “Asi nekuda kwekushingaira kwavo [kwemhuri iyoyo], ndine nyama kana hove dzemhando yakanaka zuva nezuva, kunyange zvakawanda.” Chinetso chinokosha, anonyora, nokuda kwavaRussia vose vanogara ikoko, kudya kwamasikati. Hakuna nzvimbo dzokuchengetera zvinhu umo zvokudya zvaizochengetwa zvakanaka muzhizha: “Uye nyama haigoni kudyiwa muzhizha. Unofanira kudya hove. Avo vasingagoni kudya hove dzimwe nguva vanogara vaine nzara. Hazvishandi kwandiri. Ndinodya hove nekunakirwa uye ndinofara nehunhu uhwu hwepanyama. Asi kana nyama pasina, vanhu vasingadi hove vanogona kudya mukaka. Hongu, vari kuedza. Asi kubva pandakasvika pano, zvave zvakanyanya kuoma kupfuura kare: kukwikwidzana kwangu mukutenga mukaka kwaita kuti chigadzirwa ichi chive murombo pakutsinhana kwenzvimbo. Kutsvaga, kutsvaga mukaka - pasina mukaka; zvinhu zvose zvinotengwa uye zvinonwiwa neni. Jokes parutivi, hongu. " Chernyshevsky anotenga mabhodhoro maviri emukaka pazuva ("pano vanoyera mukaka nemabhodhoro") - ichi ndicho chikonzero chemukama mhou nhatu. Unhu hwemukaka, anoti, hauna kuipa. Asi sezvo mukaka uchinetsa kuwana, anonwa tii kubva mangwanani kusvika manheru. Chernyshevsky ari kuseka, asi, zvisinei, pakati pemitsara inonzwa kuti kunyange munhu ane mwero zvikuru aive nechinzvimbo chisingagoneki nechikafu. Chokwadi, paiva nezviyo. Anonyora kuti gore negore maYakuts (pasi pesimba reRussia) anodyara chingwa chakawanda - chichaberekerwa ikoko zvakanaka. Nokuda kwekunaka kwake, chingwa nechikafu zvakabikwa zvakanaka.
Mutsamba yaMarch 17, 1876, tinorava, kuti: “Kwezhizha rokutanga kuno ndakatsungirira kwemwedzi, kufanana nomunhu ari wose pano, kushayikwa kwenyama itsva. Asi kunyange ipapo ndaive nehove. Uye ndakadzidza kubva pane zvakaitika, zhizha rinotevera ndakatarisira nyama ini, uye kubva ipapo yave iri itsva zhizha rega rega. - Zvakafanana zvinoenda kune miriwo: ikozvino handina kushomeka kwadzo. Kune shiri dzesango dzakawanda, hongu. Hove - muzhizha, sezvazvinoitika: dzimwe nguva kwemazuva akawanda hapana; asi kazhinji ndinayo kunyange muzhizha - sezvandinoda; uye munguva yechando inogara yakanaka: sterlet nedzimwe hove dzemhando imwechete yakanaka se sterlet. Uye pana Ndira 23, 1877, anozivisa kuti: “Nezvechikafu, ndagara ndichicherechedza iyo mishonga yemishonga inogona kuitwa munharaunda yakaderera uye ine urombo zvachose. Vanhu ava havatozivi kugocha nyama. <...> Chikafu changu chikuru, kwenguva refu, mukaka. Ndinoinwa mabhodhoro matatu echampagne pazuva <…> Mabhodhoro matatu echampagne ari mashanu? pondo dzemukaka. <...> Iwe unogona kutonga kuti, kunze kwemukaka netii neshuga, zviri kure nezuva rimwe nerimwe kuti ndinoda pondo yechingwa uye chikamu chechina chenyama. Chingwa changu chinoshivirira. Kunyange shavi dzemuno dzinoziva kubika nyama.”
Chernyshevsky akanga ane nguva yakaoma nemamwe maitiro ekudya emunharaunda. Mutsamba yaJuly 9, 1875, iye anogovera murangariro unotevera: “Pamusoro petafura, zvinhu zvangu zvagara zvichinyatsogutsa. Vanhu vekuRussia veko vakakwereta chimwe chinhu mumafungiro avo egastronomic kubva kuYakuts. Vanonyanya kufarira kudya bota remombe muhuwandu husingadaviriki. Handina kukwanisa kurarama neizvi kwenguva yakareba: mubiki akaona zvakakodzera kundiisira mafuta mumhando dzose dzendiro. Ndakachinja chembere idzi <...> shanduko hadzina kubatsira, imwe neimwe yaitevera yakave isingazununguki mukicheni yeYakut orthodoxy mukundidyisa bota. <...> Pakupedzisira, mumwe mukadzi akwegura akawanikwa uyo akambogara muruwa rweIrkutsk uye ane chimiro cheRussia chekutarisa mhou yemombe.
Mutsamba imwe cheteyo munewo kutaura kunoyemurika pamusoro pemuriwo: “Mumakore apfuura, nokuda kwokusangwarira kwangu, ndakaramba ndisina kupfuma mumuriwo. Pano vanoonekwa semutambarakede, chikafu chinonaka, kupfuura chikamu chinodiwa chekudya. Zhizha rino, ndakayeuka kutora matanho kuitira kuti ndive nemiriwo yakawanda sezvandaida maererano nekuravira kwangu: Ndakati ndiri kutenga makabheji ose, magaka ose, nezvimwewo, zvakanyanya sezvaizoitwa nevarimi veko. have for sale. <...> Uye ndichapihwa muriwo muhuwandu, pasina kupokana, kupfuura zvandinoda. <...> Ini zvakare ndine rimwe basa remhando imwe chete: kunhonga howa. Zvinoenda pasina kutaura kuti kupa mumwe Yakut mukomana maviri kopecks, uye aizotora howa akawanda muzuva rimwe kupfuura ini ndinogona kutarisira muvhiki rose. Asi kuitira kuti nguva ipfuure mumhepo yakashama, ndinodzungaira pamucheto wesango nhanho makumi matatu kubva kumba kwangu uye ndinonhonga howa: kune akawanda awo pano. Mutsamba yaNovember 1, 1881, Chernyshevsky inopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pekuunganidza nekuomeswa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzehowa.
Musi waMarch 18, 1875, anoyeuka mamiriro ezvinhu nemiriwo muRussia nenzira iyi: "Ndiri "muRussia" pano kune vanhu vasiri muRussia kupfuura ini; asi "Russian" inotanga kwavari neIrkutsk; mu "Russia" - fungidzira: makomkomere akachipa! Uye mbatatisi! Uye karoti! Uye pano miriwo haina kuipa, chaizvoizvo; asi kuti akure, anotarisirwa, sezvakaita muMoscow kana kuti St. “Chingwa chichaberekwa zvakanaka, kunyange gorosi.”
Uye kumwe kunokora mashoko kubva mutsamba refu yomusi waKurume 17, 1876: “Unopokana, shamwari yangu, kana ndichigara zvakanaka kuno. Unokahadzika nazvo. <...> Zvokudya zvangu hazvisi French cuisine, chaizvo; asi iwe rangarira, ini handigone kumira chero ndiro, kunze kwekureruka kweRussia kubika; iwe pachako wakamanikidzwa kutarisira kuti mubiki aizondigadzirira chikafu cheRussia, uye kunze kwechikafu ichi handina kumbodya patafura, chero chinhu. Unorangarira here pandakaenda kumabiko nendiro dzegastronomic, ndakaramba ndiri patafura ndisina kana chandakadya. Uye iko zvino kuvenga kwangu ndiro dzakanakisa kwasvika padanho rekuti handikwanise kumira kana sinamoni kana clove. <…>
Ndinoda mukaka. Hongu, inondiitira zvakanaka. Mukaka mushoma pano, mhou zhinji; asi hadzina kudyiswa, uye mhou yeko inopa anenge mukaka wakaderera pane wembudzi muRussia. <...> Uye muguta vane mhou shoma zvokuti ivo pachavo vanoshaya mukaka. Naizvozvo, mushure mokunge ndasvika pano, kwemwedzi mina kana kupfuura, ndakararama ndisina mukaka: hapana anoutengesa; munhu wose anoshayiwa zvake. (Ndiri kutaura nezvemukaka mutsva. Mukaka wakaomeswa nechando kuSiberia. Asi hauchanakidze. Kune mukaka wakawanda weaizikirimu muno. Asi handichaunwi.)
Mutsamba yaApril 3, 1876, nhapwa yacho inoti: “Somuenzaniso: kune masardine pano, kune zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudya zvemumagaba. Ndakati: "vazhinji" - kwete, nhamba yavo haisi yakakura: hakuna vapfumi pano; uye ani nani ane zvinhu zvakanaka zvakapihwa kubva kuYakutsk mumba make anozvishandisa zvishoma. Asi hapana kumboshayikwa. <...> Somuenzaniso, pandakambofarira mamwe mapretzels eMoscow pamutambo, zvakazoitika kuti vakanga vari kudiwa, makiki. Unogona kuva nazvo here? - "Pamusoroi!" - "Sei?" – Zvakazoitika kuti 12 kana 15 mapaundi ari kuwana, izvo zvinogona kupiwa kwandiri. <…> Panguva ino, ndichadya makirogiramu gumi nemaviri emakuki netii yangu. <...> Mubvunzo wakasiyana zvachose: [ini] ndakadya mapaundi aya ekiki uye ndakazvinyora kuenderera mberi kwekunakidza kumwe chete? Chokwadi kwete. Ndinganyatsofarira zvinhu zvisingakoshi zvakadaro here?
Munyaya dzekudya kunovaka muviri, Chernyshevsky, chaizvoizvo, dzimwe nguva inobata pane zvishoma. Mufananidzo weiyi "nyaya ine lemon", iyo, sezvinovimbisa munyori pachake, "inozivikanwa muVilyuisk". Vakamupa marimu maviri matsva - rarity yakanyanyisa munzvimbo idzi - iye, achiisa "zvipo" pahwindo, akazvikanganwa zvachose, somugumisiro, marimu akasvava uye akaumbwa; imwe nguva vanomutumira makeke nemaarumondi nezvimwe zvakadaro nokuda kwezororo. "Yaive makirogiramu mashoma." Chernyshevsky akaisa yakawanda yacho mubhokisi umo shuga netii zvakachengetwa. Paakatarisa mubhokisi iroro mavhiki maviri gare gare, akawana kuti makeke acho akanga akapfava, ari manyoro, uye ari chakuvhuvhu. “Seka”.
Chernyshevsky anoedza kubhadhara kushayikwa kwemiriwo nekutora michero yemusango. Pana Nyamavhuvhu 14, 1877, anonyorera mwanakomana wake Alexander, kuti: “Pane miriwo mishoma kwazvo pano. Asi chii chandingawana, ndichadya. Nekudaro, kushaikwa kwavo hakuna kukosha nekuda kwekuti lingonberries inokura pano. Mumwedzi ichaibva, uye ndichagara ndichiishandisa. Uye pana February 25, 1878, anozivisa AN Pypin, kuti: “Ndaiziva kuti ndakanga ndichichema. Ndaidya ma<em>lingonberries pandaigona kuwana. Ndakaidya nepondo."
Meseji inotevera inonongedzera kuna Chivabvu 29, 1878: “Nezuro ndakawana ruzivo rwegastronomic. Kune akawanda macurrants pano. Ndinofamba pakati pemakwenzi ake ndinoona: anotumbuka. <...> Uye kubva kune imwe nzira, rimwe boka remaruva, rakakomberedzwa nemashizha maduku, rinokwira mumiromo yangu. Ndakaedza kuona kana zvose zvingava zvinonaka pamwe chete, maruva ane mashizha maduku. Akadya; zvaiita kwandiri: inonaka sesaladhi; chete zvakapfava zvikuru uye zviri nani. Handidi saladhi. Asi ndakazvifarira. Uye ndakatsenga gwenzi rema currants matatu. "Kuwanikwa uko gastronomes haatombotenda: macurrants ndiwo akanakisa akasiyana elettuce." Gumiguru 27, 1879 - chirevo chakafanana: "Mangani macurrants andakaunganidza muzhizha rino anodarika chiyero uye mukana. Uye - fungidzira: masumbu e-red currants achiri kurembera pamakwenzi; rimwe zuva rakaoma nechando, rimwe zuva rakanyunguduka zvakare. Iwo akaomeswa nechando anonaka kwazvo; kwete kunaka kwakafanana nekwezhizha; uye ndinofunga kuti zviri nani. Dai ndisina kunyatsochenjerera kudya kwangu, ndingadai ndakazvikokera pazviri.
Zvinoratidzika zvakaoma kuyananisa tsamba dzeChernyshevsky dzakanyorerwa kuhama dzake neuchapupu hunobva kuVl. Berenshtam uye nemushumo waMogilova pamusoro pemararamiro emuriwo emunyori anodzokera mugore rekupedzisira rekutapwa. Asi zvichida zvichiri kuitika? Mutsamba yemusi waChikumi 15, 1877, tinowana kureurura kunotevera: “… Ndinobvuma hukuru husingaenzaniswi hwemubiki upi zvake pamusoro pangu pazvinhu zvese zvehunyanzvi hwekubikira: – handimuzivi uye handimuzive, nekuti zvakaoma. kuti ndione kwete chete nyama yakatsvuka tsvuku, asiwo nyama yehove inochengeta chitarisiko chayo. Ndine urombo, ndoda kunyara. Unorangarira, ndaigara ndichidya zvishomanene pakudya kwamanheru. Iwe unorangarira, ndaigara ndichidya kuguta kwangu kwete pakudya kwemanheru, asi pamberi kana shure - ndaidya chingwa. Handifarire kudya nyama. Uye izvi zvagara neni kubva paudiki. Handisi kuti kunzwa kwangu kwakanaka. Asi ndizvo zvazviri nemasikirwo azvo.”
Mutsamba refu kwazvo yaNdira 30, 1878, Chernyshevsky anoshandura kuna Olga, achipfupisa chikamu chirevo, "chinyorwa chakanyorwa nemumwe wemasayendisiti ane mukurumbira uye akanyanya, uye, zviri nani, mumwe wevanachiremba vakangwara muGermany, kubva kwaakabva. rinenge ruzivo rwose rwokurapa rwavanachiremba vedu vakanaka.” Munyori wenyaya yacho ndiPaul Niemeyer, aigara kuMagdeburg. “Nyaya yacho ine musoro unoti: 'Mushonga Wakakurumbira uye Kutarisira Utano Hwomunhu.' Tsika uye nhoroondo kudzidza kwaPaul Niemeyer "".
Ichi chinyorwa, kunyanya, chinokumbira kumutoro wega wega wega; Chernyshevsky anoti: “Munhu wose anofanira kutarisira kupora kwake, <...> chiremba anongomutungamirira noruoko.” Uye anoenderera mberi achiti: “Asi, anodaro Paul Niemeyer, paiva nevanhu vashomanana vakasarudza kurarama maererano nemitemo youtsanana. Ava ndivo vezvinomera (vanopikisa nyama yekudya).
Paul Niemeyer anowana mavari yakawanda eccentricity, isingakoshi zvachose kune vanhu vakangwara. Anoti iye pachake haadi kutaura kuti: "nyama chikafu chinokuvadza." Asi zvaanoda kufunga ichokwadi. “Handina kuzvitarisira.
Handisi kutaura nezvehutano hwako, mudiwa wangu Lyalechka, asi nokuda kwekunakidzwa kwangu.
Ndagara ndichidavira kuti vanachiremba nenyanzvi dzomuviri vakakanganisa pakuronga munhu sechisikwa chinodya nyama nemasikirwo. Mazino nedumbu, izvo zvakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa matambudziko erudzi urwu, hazvina kufanana mumunhu semumhuka dzinodya nyama. Kudya nyama itsika yakaipa kumunhu. Pandakatanga kufunga seizvi, hapana chandakawana mumabhuku enyanzvi kunze kwekupokana kwakasimba kupfungwa iyi: “nyama iri nani pane chingwa,” munhu wese akadaro. Zvishoma nezvishoma, mamwe mazano ekutya akatanga kuuya kuti zvichida isu (vanachiremba uye physiologists) taive chingwa chinonyadzisa, nyama inokwidziridza. Iye zvino vanozvitaura kakawanda, vakashinga. Uye imwe nyanzvi, saPaul Niemeyer uyu, inonyatso funga kuti nyama chikafu chevanhu, zvichida inokuvadza. Zvisinei, ndinoona kuti ndakawedzeredza maonero ake, ndichitaura nemashoko angu pachangu. Anongoti:
"Handibvume kuti kurega zvachose kudya nyama kunogona kuitwa mutemo. Inyaya yekuravira”.
Uye shure kwaizvozvo anorumbidza kuti vanodya miriwo vanosema kukara; uye kukara kwenyama kwakawanda kupfuura dzimwe dzose.
Handina kumbova nepfungwa yokuva eccentric. Munhu wose anodya nyama; naizvozvo zvose kwandiri zvakafanana: Ndinodya zvinodyiwa nevamwe. Asi-asi, zvese izvi hazvina basa. Somusayendisiti, ndinofara kuona kuti nzira yakarurama, mumaonero angu, nzira yesayenzi yekunzwisisa ukama huri pakati pechingwa nenyama haicharambirwi zvachose nenyanzvi. Saka ndakataura nezvekunakidzwa kwangu nekudzidza.
Mutsamba yakanyorwa Gumiguru 1, 1881, Chernyshevsky anovimbisa mudzimai wake kuti: "Imwe nguva ndichakunyorera nezvekudya kwangu nezvese zvakadaro, kuti iwe ugone kuona zvakajeka huchokwadi hweimwe vimbiso yangu inogara iripo:" Ndinorarama zvakanaka, kuva nezvakawanda zvinodikanwa kwandiri ", kwete zvakakosha, iwe unoziva, anoda zveumbozha." Asi "details" dzakavimbiswa dzinopihwa mutsamba imwechete:
“Handioni nyama mbishi; uye zvose zvinokura mandiri. Kare, akanga asingagoni kuona bedzi nyama yezvinoyamwisa neshiri; akatarisa hove asina hanya. Ikozvino zvakandiomera kutarisa nyama yehove. Pano hazvibviri kudya zvokudya zvemiriwo chete; uye kudai zvaibvira, zvimwe zvishoma nezvishoma aizosvika pakuvenga zvokudya zvose zvenyama.
Mubvunzo unoita sewakajeka. Chernyshevsky, kubva paucheche, kufanana nevana vakawanda - sezvakataurwa naRousseau - vakawana kuvenga kwepanyama nyama. Nekuda kwekuda kwake kune inonzwika sainzi, akaedza kutsvaga tsananguro yekuzeza uku, asi akatarisana neanopesana nedzidziso dzezviedza zvesainzi, dzakaratidzwa sechokwadi chisingarambiki. Uye chete munyaya yaNiemeyer muna 1876 akawana tsananguro yemanzwiro ake. Tsamba yaChernyshevsky yaJanuary 30, 1878 (ona pamusoro: c. yy pp. 54 - 55) yakanyorwa kare kupfuura chinyorwa cheAN Beketov "Kudya kwevanhu mune rake razvino uye ramangwana" rakaonekwa muna August wegore rimwe chete. Nokudaro, Chernyshevsky angangove mumiririri wekutanga weRussia intelligentsia uyo, pamusimboti, anozviti mutsigiri wemararamiro ezvinomera.
Chokwadi chokuti muVilyuisk Chernyshevsky aidya nyama uye kazhinji hove hapana mubvunzo, asi zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti akaedza kudzivirira vavakidzani vake kubva kuzvidya mwoyo, uye kunyanya mudzimai wake Olga, nokuti maererano nemaonero aivapo panguva iyoyo, nyama yaifungidzirwa. chinonyanya kukosha chikafu chigadzirwa. Zvakakwana kurangarira kutya kwagara kuripo kwaSA Tolstoy, kana hutongi hwezvinomera hwaizopfupisa hupenyu hwemurume wake.
Chernyshevsky, pane kudaro, ane chokwadi chokuti hutano hwake hwakanaka hunogona kutsanangurwa nokuti anotungamirira "mararamiro akarurama" uye anogara achicherechedza "mitemo yehutsanana": "Somuenzaniso: handidyi chero chinhu chakaoma. dumbu. Kune shiri dzesango dzakawanda pano, kubva kumarudzi edhadha uye marudzi eblack grouse. Ndinoda shiri idzi. Asi ivo vari nyore kwandiri pane nyama yemombe. Uye ini handizvidyi. Kune hove dzakawanda dzakaomeswa pano, sesaumoni. Ndinomuda. Asi rinorema padumbu. Uye handisati ndamboitora mumuromo mangu mumakore ose aya.”
Zviripachena, chishuwo cheChernyshevsky chekudya kwezvinomera hachikonzerwi nevavariro dzetsika uye nehanya nemhuka, asi pane chiitiko chekunakisa uye, sekuparadzira kwaNiemeyer, "hutsanana" rudzi. Nenzira, Chernyshevsky aiva nemafungiro akaderera pamusoro pedoro. Mwanakomana wake Alexander akapfuudza kuna baba vake mazano evanachiremba vokuRussia kunwa doro - vodka, somuenzaniso, kana kwete waini yemazambiringa. Asi haadi doro kana ganda kana orange peel: “Ndinochengeta dumbu rangu zvakanaka. <...> Uye izvi zviri nyore kwazvo kwandiri kuti ndione: Ini handina kana kakurerekera kungava kugastronomy kana kune chero hupenzi hwakadaro. Uye nguva dzose ndave ndichifarira kuva ane mwero zvikuru muzvokudya zvangu. <...> Waini yakareruka inondirwadza; kwete patsinga - kwete - asi padumbu. Mutsamba yaakanyorera mudzimai wake yomusi waMay 29, 1878, anotaura nyaya yokuti rimwe zuva, akagara pakudya kwemanheru kwaishamisa, akabvuma kunwa girazi rewaini nokuda kwounhu hwakanaka, pashure pacho akati kumuridzi: “Munoona; ndinonwa; Hongu, Madeira, uye kwete imwe waini isina simba. Vanhu vese vakabva vati bvuu kuseka. Zvakazoitika kuti rakanga riri doro, “dorowo zvaro reRussia.”
Zvinokosha zvikuru kuti Chernyshevsky anoruramisa kudya kwake nyama nguva nenguva nokusada (cf. pamusoro, peji 55 yy) kuti asiyane nemhomho - dambudziko iro vanodya miriwo vanosanganawo naro munharaunda yemazuva ano; Ngatiyeukei mashoko aTomasz Mazarik akataurwa naMakowicki, anotsanangura kuti nei, pasinei nemafungiro ake okuti “muriwo”, achiramba achidya nyama (cf. pazasi, peji 105 yy).
Kuyemura michero kunowanikwawo mutsamba kubva kuChernyshevsky yaNovember 3, 1882. Anodzidza kuti mudzimai wake akatenga imba muSaratov uye ari kuzosima bindu: "Kana tikataura nezvemapindu, anonzi" mapindu "muSaratov. , ndiko kuti, nezvemapindu emiti yemichero, saka ini ndagara ndisingadi kuona cherry seyakanaka kwazvo yemiti yedu yemichero. Muti wakanaka uye wepear. <...> Ndichiri mudiki, chikamu cheyadhi yedu chaive nebindu, gobvu uye rakanaka. Baba vangu vaifarira kuchengeta miti. <...> Wakadzidza ikozvino muSaratov sei kuti uwane kukura kwakanaka kwemazambiringa?
Mumakore ehuduku hweChernyshevsky muSaratov maiva ne "minda yevhu" umo, - anoenderera mberi, - miti minyoro yemichero yakakura zvakanaka, - inoratidzika, kunyange apricots nemapichisi. - Bergamots yakakura zvakanaka mumagadheni akareruka aive asina kuchengetedzwa kubva muchando. Ko varimi veSaratov vakadzidza sei kuchengeta miti yemaapuro yakasiyana-siyana? - Muhuduku hwangu, pakanga pasina "reinette" muSaratov zvakadaro. Zvino, zvichida, ivo zvakare vakajairana? Uye kana iwe usati, zvino edza kubata navo uye mazambiringa uye kubudirira. ”
Ngatiyeukeiwo kuti kushuva kumaodzanyemba, kunonzwika muchiroto chechina chaVera Pavlovna kubva mubhuku. Zvokuita? - nezverumwe rudzi rwe "Russia Itsva", sezviri pachena pedyo nePersian Gulf, uko maRussia akafukidza "makomo asina chinhu ane gobvu revhu, uye masango emiti mirefu kwazvo anokura paari pakati peminda: pazasi mumakomba manyoro. kudyarwa kwemuti wekofi; pamusoro pemichindwe, nemionde; minda yemizambiringa yakasanganiswa nenzimbe; kunewo gorosi muminda, asi mupunga wakawanda…”.
Achidzoka kubva kuutapwa, Chernyshevsky akagara muAstrakhan uye ikoko zvakare akasangana naOlga Sokratovna, mutsamba yavo yakatevera havachatauri nezvekudya, asi nezvekutya kuvapo, nezvematambudziko ekunyora uye basa rekushandura, nezvechirongwa chekubudisa shanduro yeRussia. yeBrockhaus encyclopedia uye nezve katsi dzake mbiri. Kamwe chete Chernyshevsky inotaura nezve "iyo muPezhiya inotengesa michero kubva kwaari iwe unogara uchindiudza kuti nditore" kutaurwa kwechipiri kwechikafu kunowanikwa mune yakasarudzika nhoroondo yemitengo, kunyangwe idiki: "hove (yakaomeswa)" yakatengwa iye 13 kopecks.
Nokudaro, ruzivo pamusoro pe "pfungwa dzezvinomera" dzeChernyshevsky uye tsika dzakauya kwatiri chete semugumisiro wezviyero zvinodzvinyirira zvehurumende ye tsarist: dai akanga asina kudzingwa, saka isu tingadai tisina kuziva chinhu pamusoro pazvo.