Mukati
Kurima bowa hwemabhotoro pachiyero cheindasitiri kuzere nemamwe matambudziko, sezvo nzvimbo yakashama yakawandisa ichidiwa kuti uwane goho rakakura. Asi kuitira kukura butterflies munyika, semaitiro anoratidza, hapana zvipingamupinyi. Wawana mycelium kubva kune spores yehowa hwemusango, unogona kudyara nzvimbo yakanyatsogadzirirwa uye kuwana goho rekutanga mugore.
Butter howa ndewemhuri yeBoletov, iyo ine mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu emhando dzakasiyana dzeheti howa. Muzvisikwa, marudzi akati wandei emafuta akajairika, ayo anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeanonoka kana chaiwo oiler, larch butterdish, yakapfava butterdish, yero-brown oiler uye granular butterdish. Ese marudzi aya anogona kurimwa mudzimba dzemumba kana pamapurazi ehowa akanyatsorongwa, zvichienderana nemamiriro akagadzirwa, kuumbwa kwevhu uye kuvapo kwemiti inotambira iyo fungal marudzi aya anoumba mycorrhiza.
Mumusango, butterdish inokura kunyanya munharaunda yesango ine mamiriro ekunze anodziya pamicheto uye kucheneswa kwemasango econiferous, padivi pemigwagwa, mukudyara kwechidiki kwepine nemaspruces; larch butterdish inowanikwa mune larch. Iyo oiri inoparadzirwa zvakanyanya muEurope neNorth America, inogara muAsia neAustralia. Munyika Yedu, butterdish inogara kwese kwese: kubva kuArkhangelsk neVologda kuchamhembe kusvika kusango-steppe zone yeSaratov uye Voronezh nzvimbo muEuropean chikamu chenyika; inowanzoitika kuUrals, Siberia uye Far East.
Butter howa dzinowanzoonekwa sehowa hwezhizha, dzinokura mumasango econiferous kubva munaJune kusvika Gumiguru, uye mumatsutso anodziya munzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba anowanikwa kusvika kutanga kwaNovember.
Iwe unozodzidza nezve bhotela howa rinotaridzika uye maitiro ekukura iwo nemazvo mune ino chinyorwa.
Tsanangudzo yebhota howa
Nechimiro chekudya kwavo, mashavishavi ndeechikamu che mycorrhizal fungi, kana symbiont fungi inoumba mycorrhiza nemidzi yemiti midiki yeconiferous. Muchisikigo, mycelium inokura kweanenge makore gumi nematatu kusvika gumi nemashanu kusvika pakunyanya kubereka, inofarira ivhu rejecha rakareruka muchimiro, rakakwirira muraimu uye rakapfuma mune organic zvinhu, uye inokura zvakanyanya pa coniferous litter.
Tsanangudzo yemafuta ine hunhu zvekuti vanovhiringika nehumwe howa nekuda kwehunhu hune mafuta heti, yakafukidzwa neyakanamatira layer pamusoro, uye yellowish pulp. Muzvipenyu zvakawanda, iyo firimu ine mafuta inoparadzanisa nyore nyore kubva kune pulp.
Ona kuti butterflies inotarisa sei mumifananidzo iyi - ruvara rwehowa cap ishava; zvichienderana nemhando yavo uye hunhu hwevhu, inogona kusiyana kubva kune yero-ruvara kusvika kutsvuku-ruvara kana brown-olive:
Howa chivharo paavhareji inosvika dhayamita 5-6 cm, asi kazhinji zvinokwanisika kuwana howa ane chivharo dhayamita 8-12 cm. Padanho rekutanga rekukura kwemuviri wechibereko, chivharo chinogona kunge chiri hemispherical kana convex, uye sezvo fungus inokura, inotwasuka uye inova flatter. Kureba kwefungus kuri paavhareji 6-10 cm, tsinde rinowanzo cylindrical muchimiro, mune mamwe marudzi rinogona kunge rakafanana nekirabhu.
Iyo howa ine kuravira kunoenderana, yakakwira kukosha kwekudya, uye inogona kuiswa kune chero nzira yekugadzira: kubva pakuomeswa kusvika pakuvira, kugocha kana kunhonga.
Mamwe marudzi emafuta, akadai selarch uye anoyevedza, ane mishonga inogona kuunza zororo kubva mumusoro wakakomba uye kuderedza gout hosha. Aya maitiro emafuta anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumishonga yevanhu.
Iyi sarudzo yemifananidzo inoratidza kuti butterflies emhando dzakasiyana anotaridzika sei:
Nzira yekukura sei butterflies munyika
Mukukura kwemaindasitiri howa, maoiri anorerwa zvishoma nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita mari yakawanda yekurima zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakavharirwa, uye nekudaro nzvimbo dzakakura dzine kudyara kweconiferous dzinodiwa kugadzira nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri. Nekudaro, kurimwa kwemafuta kwakajairwa neamateur howa kukura nekuda kwehunhu hwakanaka hwehowa, pamwe nekubereka kwakanyanya kwe mycelium.
Parizvino, mutsika yembeu dzemafuta inorimwa nevarimi vehowa veamateur vachishandisa nzira yakawandisa iri padyo sezvinobvira kune zvakasikwa.
Nekuda kwehunhu hwehowa kugadzira mycorrhiza nemidzi yemiti midiki coniferous, minda yemafuta inosarudza nzvimbo ine akati wandei mapine mapaini, misidhari, larches kana spruces, zvichienderana nerudzi rwebhota ndiro uye kukura kweiyo mycelium kubva kwairi. iyo mycelium yakawanikwa. Nguva yaidiwa yemiti inobva pamakore gumi kusvika ku10, iine nharaunda yakadaro iyo mycelium mushroom inokura nekushingaira sezvinobvira, sezvo miti miduku inotora zvokudya zvishoma kubva muvhu nemvura, ichisiya zvokudya zvakawanda zvehowa. Mamwe marudzi emafuta anotorwa kubva mumasango akavhengana anogona kurimwa pasi pemiti inodonha iyo inokwanisa kugadzira symbiosis. Butterflies dzinoda mumvuri wakareruka, asi dzinogonawo kukura munzvimbo dzine zuva, dzinofarira ivhu rine acidic, uye dzinokwanisa kukura pane dzakafumiswa peatlands.
Usati wakura boletus, unoda kubvisa chikamu chepamusoro chepasi munzvimbo yakasarudzwa kusvika pakadzika 20 cm. Izvi zvinodikanwa kuti ugadzire ivhu rakakwana pakukura kwe mycelium. Ivhu rine hutano hwebhota rinoumbwa kubva kune akati wandei. Yekutanga, yakadzika mutsara inogadzirwa kubva mumiti yemiti yakasvibirira - inogona kuchekwa uswa, mashizha akadonha, matanda akachekwa, tsono. Izvo zvinodikanwa kugadzira chikamu chechipiri kubva pasi chakaunganidzwa panzvimbo inokura howa - mune iyi kesi, iyo acid-base chiyero ichave padyo neyakakwana sezvinobvira, asi iwe unogona kuitsiva neyakajairwa ivhu rebindu. Ivhu rebindu rakapera rinofanirwa kupfumiswa ne humus. Mushroom mycelium inodyarwa pavhu rakagadzirwa.
Parizvino, varimi vazhinji vehowa vanosarudza kushandisa spores yehowa hwakakura hwakaunganidzwa musango kudyara, zvisinei nekuti zvitoro zvepamhepo zvepamhepo zvino zvinopa murabhoritari-yakakura mycelium mafuta. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nemhando yehutano hwefungus, iyo inogamuchira yakawanda yehupenyu kubva pamuti iyo inoumba symbiosis. Nekudya kwakadaro, kuumbwa kwevhu, pamwe nemhando yemiti iyo iyo oiler inoumba symbiosis, inonyanya kukosha. Sezvo mutemo, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune echisikigo umo mycelium yakatanga kare, miviri ye fruiting haina kuumbwa, pasinei nekubudirira kwayo kubudirira.
Iyo mycelium inoparadzirwa inowedzerwa kumiti muchirimo. Iyo substrate yakazadzwa ne mycelium inogoverwa zvakaenzana mumucheka mutete pamusoro penzvimbo yakagadzirirwa, mushure meiyo yakafukidzwa nechero yemiti yemiti kubva pamashizha kana uswa, chikamu chebindu kana ivhu redondo rinowedzerwa pamusoro. Nzvimbo yakadyarwa inodiridzwa kubva pakumwaya zvimisikidzo nepfapfaidzo yakanaka kana nzira yekudonha kusvika iyo ivhu repamusoro ranyorova. Kubva kumusoro, nzvimbo yacho inogonawo kuvharwa nemucheka mutete wemashizha anodzivirira ivhu kubva pakuoma. Sezvo ivhu richioma, rinofanira kunyoroveswa.
Fruiting inoitika gore mushure mekudyara, inoenderera munzvimbo imwe kusvika kumakore gumi nemashanu. Mumatsutso, mibhedha yakadyarwa ne mycelium inofanira kuvharwa neshanga, uswa nemashizha. Muchirimo, chidziviriro chekudzivirira chinobviswa, chichisiya chidimbu chemiti yemiti.
Kusiyana nemafuta emusango, maoiri egadheni haatombove honye, sezvo pasina fungal tupukanana hunhu hwesango muvhu rebindu.
Sezvo mutemo, kukohwa kusingakoshi mumakore ekutanga, sezvo mycelium inoramba ichikura kune mamwe makore 5-7, mushure mokunge nhamba yemitumbi ye fruiting ichawedzera zvikuru. Mashavishavi anokohwewa nemaoko, achimonyorora howa kana kucheka pamidzi. Mushure memakore 10-15, nekuderera kwe fruiting, mycelium inogona kuchinjwa. Kuti uwane goho rakagadzikana paminda, minda yakati wandei inogadzirwa ine mazera akasiyana e mycelium, iyo inokutendera kuti utore goho rakawanda rehowa gore rega rega. Butter howa mushure mekucheka hunogona kushandiswa zvose pakubika uye pakukohwa kune ramangwana - howa hunoda kuomeswa kana kusanganiswa.
Nzira yekukura nayo mycelium mafuta kumba
Sezvinoratidzwa nemaitiro, zvinokwanisika kukura ane mafuta mycelium kumba. Kuti uite izvi, howa dzakaunganidzwa dzinofanira kusanganiswa ne substrate yakasarudzwa. Iyo substrate yekuvandudzwa kwe mycelium inogadzirirwa pahwaro hwe peat uye coniferous sawdust, iyo inobatsira kugadzira chikafu chepakati pedo nemasikirwo. Kuti ubvise masaha, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa mhando dzemiti dziri pedyo nepakakura howa. Pakuparadzira mycelium, zvirongo zvakajairika-matatu-lita zviri nani zvakakodzera. Iyo yakanyatsoomeswa substrate inoradzikwa muhari, zvishoma tamped kusvikira mudziyo uzere nehafu.
Kuwedzera kudya kwe mycelium kunopihwa neakakosha ekugadzirisa zvinovaka muviri, iyo inogadzirirwa pahwaro hweshuga sirasi pamwe nekuwedzerwa mbiriso kusimiswa pachiyero che: kune rimwe litre remvura, 1 tsp. shuga uye chiyero chakafanana chembiriso. Kune yega yega matatu-litita chirongo, 1,5 malita emushonga wezvinovaka muviri unofanirwa kugadzirirwa. Inounzwa kumota, mushure mokunge peat yakaiswa mumitsuko inodururwa pamusoro payo. Zvadaro sawdust yakaomeswa inowedzerwa kusvikira vhoriyamu yose yebhodhoro yazadzwa, yakavharwa zvakasimba nevhavha uye yakasara kwemaawa mashanu kuti igutse substrate nemiti. Zvadaro mvura yakasara inodururwa, iyo substrate yakanyatsosanganiswa, punctures inogadzirwa netsvimbo yakaonda munzvimbo dzakawanda uye zvidimbu zvehowa ne spores zvinoiswa mumakomba akaitwa.
Chirongo chacho chakavharwa zvakasimba nechivharo chine gomba 1,5 cm muhupamhi yakagadzirwa mukati maro, iyo yakavharwa nefoam rubber stopper uye yakasara kwemwedzi mitatu, kuchengetedza kutonhora muimba pa 3-23 ° C. kuvandudzwa kwehyphae, iyo substrate ine mycelium inobviswa isati yadyarwa mukamuri inotonhora ine rima ine tembiricha ingangoita 25 ° C.
