Ngatigadzirirei mhedziso yakawanda uye yakakosha kubva pane zvakataurwa: hunhu hahuna kunyanya izvo munhu anoziva uye zvaanodzidziswa semafungiro ake kunyika, kuvanhu, kwaari pachake, uwandu hwezvishuwo uye zvinangwa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi chete, basa rekusimudzira kuumbwa kweunhu haringagadziriswi nenzira imwecheteyo sebasa rekudzidzisa (yepamusoro pedagogy yakagara ichitadza neizvi). Tinoda nzira yakasiyana. Maona. Kuti uwane pfupiso yehunhu-semantic level yehunhu, ngatitendeukei kune iyo pfungwa yehunhu hwekuita. Muduramazwi re "Psychology" (1990) tinoverenga kuti: "Unhu hunoratidzwa nemaitiro - hurongwa hwakasimba hwevavariro - zvido, zvitendero, maonero, zvinonaka, nezvimwewo, umo zvido zvevanhu zvinozviratidza: zvakadzika semantic zvimiro (« dynamic semantic systems», maererano naLS Vygotsky), iyo inosarudza kuziva kwake uye maitiro, inopesana nemanzwiro ekutaura uye inoshandurwa mubasa rekubatana remapoka (musimboti wekupindirana kwechiitiko), chiyero chekuziva kwehukama hwavo kune chokwadi. : maitiro (maererano neVN Myasishchev), mafungiro (maererano neDN Uznadze nevamwe), maitiro (maererano naVA Yadov). Hunhu hwakasimukira hune kuzvidzora…” Zvinobva patsanangudzo iyi kuti:
- hwaro hwehunhu, hwaro hwese-semantic hune kugadzikana uye hunonyatso gadzirisa kuziva uye maitiro emunhu;
- nzira huru yepesvedzero pane izvi, kureva kuti dzidzo pachayo, kutanga kune zvese, kutora chikamu kwemunhu muzviitwa zvakabatana zveboka, nepo maitiro ekutaura epesvedzero haashande;
- chimwe chezvimiro zvehunhu hwakagadziridzwa kunzwisisa, zvirinani mumashoko ekutanga, ezvemunhu uye semantic zvirimo. Munhu asina kugadzirwa angave asingazivi "ini" yake pachake, kana kuti haafungi nezvazvo.
Mundima 1, muchidimbu, isu tiri kutaura nezve yakazivikanwa LI Bozhovich yemukati chinzvimbo, hunhu hwemunhu maererano nenharaunda yemagariro uye zvinhu zvega zvemagariro. GM Andreeva anonongedza pamutemo wekuzivisa pfungwa yehunhu hwehunhu neiyo pfungwa yepredisposition, iyo yakaenzana nehunhu hwemagariro. Achiona kubatana kwemazano aya nepfungwa yezvinoreva zvake AN Leontiev uye mabasa aAG Asmolov naMA Kovalchuk, akazvipira kumagariro evanhu sezvinoreva zvake, GM Andreeva anonyora kuti: iyo pfungwa yehutano hwemagariro evanhu kubva kuhuwandu hwepfungwa dzepfungwa, pamwe chete nemafungiro e "maitiro" uye "maitiro ehupenyu". Kusiyana neizvi, pfungwa dzese dziri kutariswa pano dzinosimbisa kodzero yekuvepo kune iyo pfungwa ye "social maitiro" mune general psychology, uko iko zvino yave pamwe nepfungwa ye "maitiro" mupfungwa iyo yakatangwa muchikoro cheDN. Uznadze” (Andreeva GM Social psychology. M., 1998. P. 290).
Kupfupisa izvo zvakataurwa, izwi rekurera kunetseka, kutanga kune zvese, kuumbwa kwemunhu-semantic zvemukati zvine chekuita nekuumbwa kwezvinangwa zvehupenyu, kukosha kwekutungamira, kuda uye kusada. Saka, dzidzo inosiyana zviri pachena kubva pakudzidziswa, uko kunobva pakukanganiswa kwemaitiro emunhu ega. Dzidzo pasina kuvimba nezvinangwa zvinoumbwa nedzidzo haibatsiri. Kana kumanikidza, kukwikwidzana, uye kurudziro yemuromo yakagamuchirwa nekuda kwezvinangwa zvedzidzo mune mamwe mamiriro, saka dzimwe nzira dzinobatanidzwa mukuita kwedzidzo. Unogona kumanikidza mwana kuti adzidze tafura yekuwanza, asi haugone kumumanikidza kuti ade masvomhu. Unogona kuvamanikidza kuti vagare vakanyarara mukirasi, asi kuvamanikidza kuva nomutsa hakusi kwechokwadi. Kuti uwane zvinangwa izvi, nzira yakasiyana yepesvedzero inodiwa: kuiswa kwechidiki (mwana, wechidiki, jaya, musikana) mumabasa akabatanidzwa eboka rezera revezera rinotungamirirwa nemudzidzisi-mudzidzisi. Zvakakosha kuyeuka: harisi basa rose ibasa. Basa rinogonawo kuitika pamwero wekumanikidzwa kuita. Muchiitiko ichi, chinangwa chechiitiko chacho hachienderani nechidzidzo chayo, sezviri muchirevo chinoti: "kurova chigutsa, kungopedza zuva." Rangarira, somuenzaniso, boka ravadzidzi vanochenesa chivanze chechikoro. Chiito ichi hachisi hacho "chiito". Zvichava izvo kana vakomana vachida kuisa yadhi yakarongeka, kana vakaungana vachizvidira uye vakaronga chiito chavo, vakagovera mabasa, basa rakarongeka uye vakafunga hurongwa hwekutonga. Muchiitiko ichi, chinangwa chechiitiko - chido chekuisa chivanze chakarongeka - ndicho chinangwa chekupedzisira chebasa racho, uye zviito zvose (kuronga, sangano) kuwana chirevo chega (ndinoda uye, naizvozvo, ndinoita). Harisi boka rega rega rinokwanisa kuita basa, asi rimwe chete apo hukama hwehushamwari nekushandira pamwe huripo zvishoma.
Muenzaniso wechipiri: vana vechikoro vakadanwa kumutungamiriri uye, vachitya matambudziko makuru, vakarayirwa kuchenesa yadhi. Iyi ndiyo nhanho yekuita. Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvayo chinoitwa pasi pekumanikidzwa, pasina chirevo chemunhu. Vakomana vanomanikidzwa kutora chishandiso uye kunyepedzera pane kushanda. Vana vechikoro vanofarira kuita nhamba shoma yekuvhiya, asi panguva imwe chete vanoda kudzivisa kurangwa. Mumuenzaniso wekutanga, mumwe nomumwe wevatori vechikamu mubasa anoramba achigutsikana nebasa rakanaka - iyi ndiyo nzira iyo imwe zvidhinha inoiswa panheyo yemunhu anozvipira kuita basa rinobatsira. Yechipiri kesi haina kuunza chero mhedzisiro, kunze kwekunge, zvichida, yadhi yakanatswa zvakaipa. Vana vechikoro vakambokanganwa nezvekuita kwavo, vasiya mafoshoro, marekeni nemawhisk, vakamhanya kumba.
Isu tinotenda kuti kukura kwehunhu hwevechiri kuyaruka pasi pesimba rekuita pamwe chete kunosanganisira matanho anotevera.
- Kuumbwa kwemafungiro akanaka kune chiito che-pro-social chiitiko sechiito chinodiwa uye kutarisira manzwiro ako akanaka pamusoro peizvi, zvakasimbiswa nemafungiro eboka uye nzvimbo yemutungamiri wemanzwiro - mutungamiri (mudzidzisi).
- Kuumbwa kwemaitiro e semantic uye chirevo chemunhu pahwaro hwemafungiro aya (kuzvisimbisa nezviito zvakanaka uye kukwanisa kugadzirira kwavari senzira yekuzvisimbisa).
- Kuumbwa kwechinangwa chebasa rinobatsira mumagariro evanhu sechinhu chinoreva-chinoreva, kusimudzira kuzvisimbisa, kusangana nezera rekuda kwemabasa ane chokuita nemagariro evanhu, kuita senzira yekuumba kuzviremekedza kuburikidza nekuremekedzwa kwevamwe.
- Maumbirwo echimiro chechimiro chechimiro - chekutanga pamusoro-chiitwa semantic chimiro chine transsituational properties, kureva kugona kutarisira vanhu pasina udyire (hunhu hwemunhu), zvichibva pamafungiro akanaka kwavari (vanhu). Izvi, muchidimbu, ndiyo nzvimbo yehupenyu - maitiro emunhu.
- Kuumbwa kwechimiro che semantic. Mukunzwisisa kwedu, uku ndiko kuziva kwenzvimbo yehupenyu hwemunhu pakati pezvimwe zvinzvimbo zvehupenyu.
- "Ipfungwa inoshandiswa nemunhu kuronga zviitiko uye kuronga nzira yekuita. (…) Munhu anosangana nezviitiko, kuzvidudzira, kuzvironga uye kuzvipa zvirevo”19. (19 First L., John O. Psychology of Personality. M., 2000. P. 384). Kubva pakuvaka semantic kuvaka, mukuona kwedu, kunzwisisa kwemunhu pachake semunhu anotanga. Kazhinji kazhinji izvi zvinoitika mukuyaruka kwakura neshanduko kuenda mukuyaruka.
- Kunobva pakuita uku ndiko kuumbwa kwehunhu hwemunhu sehwaro hwekuvandudza misimboti yehunhu uye hukama huri mumunhu. Izvo zvinoratidzwa mukuziva kwechidzidzo nenzira yekukosha kutungamira, pahwaro hwekuti munhu anosarudza zvinangwa zvehupenyu hwake uye nzira dzinotungamira mukubudirira kwavo. Ichi chikamu chinosanganisirawo pfungwa yezvinoreva hupenyu. Nzira yekuumbwa kwezvinzvimbo zvehupenyu uye kukosha kwemaitiro emunhu kunoratidzwa nesu pamusana pemuenzaniso wakarongwa naDA Leontiev (Fig. 1). Achitaura pamusoro pazvo, anonyora kuti: "Sezvichitevera kubva muchirongwa, empirically yakanyorwa pesvedzero pakuziva uye chiitiko zvinongori zvirevo zvemunhu uye semantic maitiro echimwe chiitiko, izvo zvinogadzirwa zvese nevavariro yeichi chiitiko uye nekugadzikana semantic kuvaka uye. maitiro ehunhu. Zvinangwa, semantic inovaka uye zvimiro zvinoumba yechipiri hierarchical level ye semantic regulation. Iyo yepamusoro-soro nhanho yekutonga semantic inoumbwa nehunhu hunoita sezvinoreva-kuumba zvine chekuita nezvimwe zvese zvimiro ”(Leontiev DA Zvitatu zvezvinoreva // Tsika uye tarisiro yemaitiro ekuita mune psychology. Chikoro cheAN Leontiev. M ., 1999. P. 314 -315).
Zvingave zvine musoro kugumisa kuti mukuita kwehunhu ontogenesis, kukwira kuumbwa kwezvimiro zve semantic kunonyanya kuitika, kutanga nemafungiro kune zvemagariro zvinhu, zvino - kuumbwa kwemaitiro e semantic (iyo pre-chinangwa chechiitiko) uye yayo yega. zvinoreva. Kupfuurirazve, padanho rechipiri rehierarchical, kuumbwa kwevavariro, semantic dispositions uye inovaka ne-over-activity, zvimiro zvemunhu zvinogoneka. Chete pachikonzero ichi zvinokwanisika kuumba kukosha kwekutarisa. Hunhu hwakakura hunokwanisa kudzika nzira yekugadzira hunhu: kubva pahunhu kuenda pakuvaka uye hunhu, kubva kwavari kuenda kune pfungwa-yekugadzira vavariro, ipapo kune semantic maitiro, chirevo chega chechimwe chiitiko uye hukama hwakabatana.
Maererano nezviri pamusoro apa, tinocherechedza: vakuru, imwe nzira kana imwe yekuonana nevaduku, vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti kuumbwa kweunhu kunotanga nekuona kwayo ukama hwevamwe vanokosha. Mune ramangwana, hukama uhwu hunodzokororwa kuita kuda kuita zvinoenderana: mune yemagariro maitiro mune yayo semantic vhezheni (pre-vavariro), uyezve mune pfungwa yezvinoreva zvega zvechiitiko chiri kuuya, icho chinozopedzisira chamutsa vavariro dzayo. . Tatotaura nezve pesvedzero yevavariro paunhu. Asi inofanira kusimbiswa zvakare kuti zvinhu zvose zvinotanga nehukama hwevanhu kubva kune avo vakakosha - kune avo vanoda hukama uhwu.
Nehurombo, zviri kure netsaona kuti muzvikoro zvizhinji zvesekondari, kudzidza hakuve chinhu chinoumba hunhu hwevana vechikoro. Izvi zvinoitika nokuda kwezvikonzero zviviri. Chekutanga, dzidzo yechikoro yagara ichivakwa sebasa rekumanikidza, uye zvarinoreva hazvisi pachena kuvana vazhinji. Chechipiri, kurongeka kwedzidzo muchikoro chemazuva ano chechikoro chechikoro hachifungi nezvemaitiro epfungwa evana vezera rechikoro. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune vechidiki, vechidiki, uye vadzidzi vekusekondari. Kunyangwe mugiredhi wekutanga, nekuda kweiyo tsika yechinyakare, anorasikirwa nekufarira mushure memwedzi yekutanga, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange mavhiki emakirasi, uye anotanga kuona kudzidza sechinhu chinofinha. Pazasi isu tichadzokera kune dambudziko iri, uye ikozvino tinoona kuti mumamiriro emazuva ano, nehurongwa hwechinyakare hwehurongwa hwedzidzo, kudzidza hakumiriri tsigiro yepfungwa yechirongwa chedzidzo, saka, kuitira kuumba hunhu, zvinova zvakakosha. kuronga mamwe mabasa.
Ndezvipi zvinangwa izvi?
Tichitevera pfungwa yebasa iri, zvinodikanwa kuti urege kuvimba nehunhu chaihwo uye kwete kunyange nehukama hwaanofanira kukudziridza "zvakanakira", asi pane mashoma, asi anogadzirisa semantic maitiro uye kuwirirana kwevavariro, uye zvimwe zvese munhu. , zvichibva pane izvi zvinongedzo, ndichazvivandudza ini. Nemamwe mashoko, iri pamusoro pemafambiro emunhu.