Mhando dzekuberekesa howa
Kune marudzi matatu ekuberekesa fungal - vegetative, asexual uye zvepabonde. Kazhinji vanotsiva mumwe nemumwe mukukura uye kukura kwefungi.
Vegetative kubereka kwefungi kunoitika nekubvisa zvikamu zve mycelium, pamwe nebudding, chlamydospores, arthrospores, uye matombo anokosha. Kuparadzaniswa kwezvikamu zve mycelium ndiyo nzira huru yezvinomera zvinopararira zvefungi. Mycelium inogona kuumba mune chero chikamu chekare mycelium ine sero rinokwanisa. Inokodzera kubereka inzvimbo zvakare dze non-cellular mycelium. Iyi nzira yekuberekesa inoshandiswa mukurima howa hunodyiwa mudzimba.
Budding inzira yezvinomera kuparadzira fungi. Inowanikwa mune fungi ine mbiriso-yakafanana thallus. Mukati mekuita uku, sero remwanasikana rinoparadzana nesero raamai richibatsirwa neseptum robva rashanda sechinhu chakasiyana chine sero rimwe chete. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mbiriso sero haigoni bud nokusingaperi. Nhamba yezvikamu zvakakwana zvinogona kugadzwa nezvindori zvechitinous, zvinoonekwa panzvimbo yekuparadzaniswa kwetsvo. Masero embiriso ekare akakura kudarika vechidiki, asi nhamba yavo ishoma.
Artrospores masero akakosha ezvinomera zvinopararira zvefungi, rimwe zita ravo oidia. Ivo vanosimuka semugumisiro wekuparadzaniswa kwehyphae, kutanga kubva kune mazano, kuva nhamba huru yemaitiro, ivo vanozopa hupenyu kune mycelium itsva. Oidia ine goko rakatetepa uye hupenyu hupfupi. Hunogona kuwanikwawo mune mamwe marudzi ehowa.
Gems is subspecies of oidia, anosiyaniswa negoko rakakora uye rakasviba muruvara, uye zvakare anogara kwenguva refu. Gems anowanikwa mune marsupials, pamwe ne smuts uye kusakwana.
Chlamydospores inodiwa pakupararira kwezvirimwa zvefungi. Vane matehwe matema-mavara uye vanoshivirira mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Ivo vanosimuka kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa uye kupatsanurwa kwezviri mukati meyega mycelium masero, ayo panguva iyi maitiro akafukidzwa nedense dema-ruvara goko. Chlamydospores yakaparadzaniswa kubva kumaseru eamai hyphae inogona kurarama kwenguva yakareba pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Pavanotanga kumera, nhengo dze sporulation kana mycelium dzinoonekwa mavari. Chlamydospores inowanikwa mune dzakawanda basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes, uye oomycetes.
Kuberekwa kweAsexual kunotora nzvimbo yakakosha mukuparadzirwa kwefungi muzvisikwa uye chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvezvipenyu izvi. Rudzi urwu rwekubereka runoitika nerubatsiro rwe spores, iyo inoumbwa pasina kubereka pamitezo inokosha. Nhengo idzi dzinosiyana muchimiro uye zvimiro kubva kune vegetative hyphae ye mycelium. Ne endogenous nzira yekugadzirwa kwespore, marudzi maviri enhengo dzinotakura spore dzinosiyaniswa - dzinoti, zoosporangia uye sporangia. Conidia inoitika zvakanyanya.
Fungal spores ndiwo maumbirwo makuru anobatanidzwa mukubereka. Basa guru respores kugadzira vanhu vatsva vemarudzi akapiwa, pamwe nekugara patsva munzvimbo itsva. Dzinosiyana pamavambo, maitiro uye nzira dzekugadzirisa. Ivo vanowanzo chengetedzwa nedense inodzivirira sheath yeakawanda akaturikidzana kana isina sero madziro, anogona kuve akawanda macellular, anotakurwa nemhepo, mvura, mhuka, kana kutofamba yakazvimiririra uchishandisa flagella.
Zoospores ndiyo asexual kubereka zvimiro zvefungi. Iwo akashama zvikamu zveprotoplasm asina goko, ane imwe kana kupfuura nuclei ine imwe kana kupfuura flagella. Iyi flagella ine chimiro chemukati chehuwandu hweeukaryotes. Izvo zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa fungi, zvine huwandu husina kukosha hwekudya uye haugone kuramba uchishanda kwenguva yakareba. Zvinoitika endogenous mu zoosporangia. Mazoospores anoshanda kubereka fungus dzakaderera, dzinonyanya kugara mumvura, asi zoosporangia dzinowanikwawo muhowa zhinji dzepanyika dzinogara pamiti yepanyika.
Zoosporangium inhengo inobereka spore inoburitsa mbesa dzinobereka dzinenge dzine flagella. Spores idzi dzinonzi zoospores. Sezvo mutemo, zoosporangia inomuka yakananga pane vegetative hyphae, isina special sporangiophores.
Sporangiospores (aplanospores) zvimiro zveasexual kuberekana kwefungi. Hadzipfakanyiki, hadzina nhengo dzekufamba, pane goko. Izvo zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa fungi, zvine huwandu husina kukosha hwekudya uye haugone kuramba uchishanda kwenguva yakareba. Ivo vanosimuka endogenous mukati sporogenous nhengo (sporangia). Spores inobuda musporangium kuburikidza nekuvhura mugoko (pores) kana kana kuvimbika kweyekupedzisira kwatyorwa. Endogenous sporulation inoitika mune yakawanda primitive fungi. Sporangiospores inobereka sexually muZygomycetes.
Sporangium - iri izita reiyo spore-bearing organisation, mukati umo zvisingaperi spores yekubereka kweasexual negoko inosimuka uye inokura. Muzhinji filamentous fungi, sporangium inoumbwa kubva mukuzvimba kweiyo hyphal apex mushure mekuparadzaniswa kubva kumubereki hypha ne septa. Mukuita kuumbwa kwespore, sporangium protoplast inopatsanurwa kakawanda, ichigadzira zviuru zvespores. Mumhando dzakawanda dzefungal, sporangial-bearing hyphae morphologically yakasiyana zvikuru kubva kune vegetative hyphae. Muchiitiko ichi, vanonzi sporangiophores.
Sporangiophores inobereka michero hyphae inobereka sporangia.
Conidia zvipembenene zveasina kubereka zvinoumba zvakanongedza pamusoro penhengo inobereka spore inonzi conidiophore, inomiririra zvikamu zve mycelium. Conidia yakajairika inowanikwa mumarsupials, basidiomycetes, uye anamorphic fungi. Fungi dzisina kukwana (deuteromycetes) dzinogona kuberekana chete neconidia. Nzira dzekugadzira conidia, maitiro avo, kushamwaridzana uye kuiswa kwakasiyana zvikuru. Conidia inogona kuva unicellular uye multicellular, yemhando dzakasiyana. Dhigirii reruvara rwavo zvakare rinosiyana - kubva pakujeka kusvika kune goridhe, rinopfungaira, grey, maorivhi, pinkish. Kusunungurwa kwekonidia kunowanzoitika pasina, asi mune dzimwe nguva kurambwa kwavo kunoshanda kunoonekwa.