Indasitiri huru yakavakirwa pakudya. Zvizhinji zvezvigadzirwa zvayo zvakagadzirirwa kubatsira vanhu kuderedza uremu, kuvaka tsandanyama, kana kuva neutano hwakanaka.
Asi sezvo huwandu hwevanhu pasi rose huri kuramba huchiwedzera, masayendisiti ari kumhanyisana kugadzira chikafu chinogona kudya vanhu mabhiriyoni gumi panosvika gore ra10.
Sekureva kwemushumo mutsva wakabudiswa mupepanhau rezvokurapa rekuBritain rinonzi The Lancet, vanhu vanokurudzirwa kuti vadye zvakanyanya kudya kwezvirimwa uye kuderedza nyama, mukaka neshuga nepavanogona napo. Chirevo ichi chakanyorwa neboka revasayendisiti makumi matatu kubva pasirese vanodzidza nezvekudya uye mutemo wekudya. Kwemakore matatu, vakatsvakurudza uye vakakurukura nyaya iyi nechinangwa chekusimudzira mazano anogona kutorwa nehurumende kugadzirisa dambudziko rekurarama kune vanhu vari kukura pasi rose.
"Kunyange kuwedzera kudiki kwenyama tsvuku kana kudyiwa kwemukaka kungaita kuti chinangwa ichi chiome kana kusatokwanisa kuzadzisa," mushumo wacho unodaro.
Vanyori vemushumo vakasvika pamhedziso yavo nekuyera zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwechikafu, kusanganisira magasi egreenhouse, kushandiswa kwemvura uye zvirimwa, nitrogen kana phosphorus kubva mufotereza, uye kutyisidzira kwekusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekurima. Vanyori vomushumo wacho vanoti kana zvinhu zvose izvi zvikadzorwa, ipapo uwandu hwemagasi anokonzera kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze hunogona kuderedzwa, uye paizova nenzvimbo yakakwana yasara yokudyisa chiverengero chavagari vapasi chiri kukura.
Maererano neshumo, nyama neshuga dzinodyiwa pasi rose dzinofanirwa kudzikiswa ne50%. Sekureva kwaJessica Fanso, munyori wemushumo uye purofesa wezvechikafu uye tsika paJohns Hopkins University, kudyiwa kwenyama kuchadzikira nemitengo yakasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi uye muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvevanhu. Semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwenyama muUS kunofanirwa kudzikiswa zvakanyanya uye kutsiviwa nemichero nemiriwo. Asi kune dzimwe nyika dzakatarisana nezvinetso zvekudya, nyama inotova chikamu che3% chekudya kwevanhu.
“Tinenge tapererwa kana pasina matanho anotorwa,” anodaro Fanso.
Mazano ekuderedza kushandiswa kwenyama, hongu, haasisiri matsva. Asi maererano naFanso, chirevo chitsva chinopa nzira dzakasiyana dzekuchinja.
Vanyori vakadana chikamu ichi chebasa ravo "The Great Food Shanduko" uye vakatsanangura nzira dzakasiyana-siyana mairi, kubva kune ishoma inoshanda kusvika kune yakanyanya hutsinye, isingabatanidzi sarudzo yevatengi.
“Ndinofunga kuti zvinonetsa kuti vanhu vatange bhindauko iri mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo nekuti zvinokurudzira uye masangano ezvematongerwo enyika haazvitsigire,” anodaro Fanso. Gwaro iri rinoti kana hurumende ikachinja mutemo wayo wekuti mapurazi anofanirwa kupa rubatsiro ndeapi, iyi inogona kunge iri imwe nzira yekugadzirisa nyaya dzechikafu. Izvi zvaizochinja avhareji yemitengo yechikafu uye nokudaro kukurudzira vatengi.
“Asi kuti nyika yese ichatsigira here chirongwa ichi mumwe mubvunzo. Hurumende dziripo hadzisi kuzoda kutora matanho panyaya iyi,” anodaro Fanso.
Emission gakava
Havasi vanamazvikokota vose vanobvumirana kuti kudya kwezvirimwa ndiko kunoita kuti pave nezvokudya. Frank Mitlener, musayendisiti paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, akataura kuti nyama haina hukama nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.
“Ichokwadi kuti zvipfuyo zvine matambudziko, asi gwaro iri rinoratidza sekuti ndizvo zviri kukonzera kukanganiswa kwemamiriro ekunze. Asi chikuru chinokonzeresa kuburitsa macarbohydrate ndiko kushandiswa kwemafuta efosili,” anodaro Mitlener.
Sekureva kweUS Environmental Protection Agency, kupiswa kwemafuta emafuta eindasitiri, magetsi uye ezvekufambisa anokonzera kuwanda kwekubuda kwegreenhouse gasi. Zvekurima zvinopa 9% yezvinobuda, uye kugadzirwa kwezvipfuyo kweinenge 4%.
Mitlener haabvumiraniwo nenzira yeKanzuru yekuona huwandu hwemagasi egreenhouse anogadzirwa nezvipfuyo, uye anoti chikamu chakawandisa chakaiswa methane mukuverenga. Kana ichienzaniswa nekabhoni, methane inoramba iri mumhepo kwenguva pfupi, asi inoita basa guru mukudziya kwemakungwa.
Kuderedza kutambisa zvokudya
Kunyange zvazvo mazano ezvekudya akataurwa mumushumo akashoropodzwa, dhiraivha yekuderedza kudya kwekudya iri kuramba ichipararira. MuUS chete, inenge 30% yezvese chikafu inoraswa.
Matanho ekuderedza marara anotsanangurwa mumushumo kune vese vatengi nevagadziri. Kuchengetedza kurinani uye matekinoroji ekuona kusvibiswa anogona kubatsira mabhizinesi kuderedza kutambisa chikafu, asi kudzidzisa kwevatengi inzira inoshanda.
Kune vakawanda, kuchinja madyiro uye kuderedza kupambadzwa kwezvokudya itariro inotyisa. Asi Katherine Kellogg, munyori webhuku rinonzi 101 Ways to Eliminate Waste, anoti zvinongoda $250 yake chete pamwedzi.
“Kune nzira dzakawanda dzokushandisa nadzo zvokudya zvedu tisingarase, uye ndinofunga kuti vanhu vakawanda havatombozivi nezvazvo. Ndinoziva kubika chikamu chose chemuriwo, uye ndinoona kuti iyi ndiyo imwe yetsika dzangu dzinoshanda,” anodaro Kellogg.
Kellogg, zvisinei, anogara muCalifornia, padyo nenzvimbo dzine misika yevarimi inodhura. Nokuda kwedzimwe nzanga dzinogara muanonzi magwenga ezvokudya—nzvimbo dzisina zvitoro zvezvokudya kana kuti misika—kuwana michero mitsva nemiriwo kunogona kuva kwakaoma.
“Maitiro ese atinokurudzira anowanikwa izvozvi. Iyi haisi teknolojia yeramangwana. Kungoti havasati vasvika pamwero mukuru,” anodaro Fanso.