Mukati
Kukura champignons
Tsanangudzo pfupi yefungus, maitiro ekukura kwayo
Champignons vamiririri vemhuri yemachampignon yezita rimwe chete, iro rinosanganisira anopfuura makumi matanhatu emhando dzecap mushroom. Howa hunogona kukura mumasango, mumafuro uye kunyange mugwenga.
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemachampignon dzinogona kuwanikwa mumakondinendi ese kunze kweAntarctica, asi nzvimbo yavo huru inzvimbo yekutsika kana sango-steppe.
Kana isu tichitaura nezvepakati Nyika Yedu, ipapo machampignons anogona kuwanikwa muminda, meadows, kumucheto kwemasango. Kana mamiriro ekukura kwavo akanaka, ipapo munzvimbo idzi unogona kuwana champignons kubva May kusvika October.
Howa dzinonzi saprophytes, saka dzinokura paivhu rakapfuma muhumus, rinowanikwa pedyo nemafuro emombe, uyewo mumasango anosiyaniswa nemarara emiti.
Nezve kukura kwemaindasitiri howa, marudzi maviri ehowa aya ari kushingaira kukura: maviri-spore mushroom uye maviri-ring (mana-spore) howa. Munda uye meadow champignons haanyanyi kuwanda.
Champignon ihowa yeheti, inoratidzirwa negumbo repakati, kureba kwaro kunosvika 4-6 centimita. Industrial champignons inosiyana muvharo dhayamita ye5-10 masendimita, asi iwe unogona kuwana mienzaniso ine dhayamita yemasendimita makumi matatu kana kupfuura.
Zvinofadza kuti champignon mumiriri weheti howa hunogona kudyiwa husina kubikwa. Munyika dzeMedithera, mapeji mbishi anoshandiswa mukugadzirira saladhi uye sosi.
Mumazuva ekutanga ehupenyu hwehowa, ngowani yayo inosiyaniswa nechimiro chehemispherical, zvisinei, mukukura, inoshanduka kuita convex-yakatambanudzwa.
Kune 4 mapoka makuru emachampignons zvichienderana nemuvara wekapu: chando-chena, mukaka, tsvuku (yehumambo) uye kirimu. Kazhinji, vachena vane mukaka vanogoverwa kuboka rimwe chete. Nekushanduka kwezera remuviri wemuchero, shanduko dzinoitikawo nemahwendefa emachampignons. Howa hudiki hune mahwendefa akareruka. Kana champignon ichisvika pakuyaruka, ndiro inosviba, uye inoshanduka tsvuku-tsvuku. Champignons yekare inoratidzirwa nerima dema uye burgundy-dema ruvara rweplate.
Sarudzo yesaiti uye kugadzirira
Howa dzinoratidzwa nezvinodiwa zvakaderedzwa zvekuvapo kwechiedza uye kupisa, saka kukura kwavo kunoshanda kunogoneka kunyangwe mudzimba dzepasi pane tembiricha yemhepo muhuwandu hwe13-30 degrees Celsius. Zvakare, aya fungi haadi kuvepo kwechirimwa chinotambira, nekuti kudya kwavo kunoitwa nekutora zvakaora zvakasara zveorganic compounds. Kubva pane izvi, mukukura kwechampignons, iyo inonzi. champignon compost, mukugadzirira iyo manyowa ebhiza kana manyowa ehuku anoshandiswa. Mukuwedzera, zvakakosha kuwedzera rye kana uswa hwegorosi uye gypsum. Kuvapo kwemupfudze kunopa mahowa anodiwa nitrogen komisheni, nekuda kwemashanga, mycelium inopiwa kabhoni, asi nekuda kwegypsum, howa dzinopihwa calcium. Mukuwedzera, iyo gypsum inoshandiswa kugadzira manyowa. Kuwedzera kune ivhu rekukura champignons muchimiro chechoko, mineral fertilizer uye nyama uye pfupa kudya hazvizovhiringidzi.
Mumwe murimi wehowa ane maitiro ake ezvakanakisisa, mumaonero ake, manyowa, iyo nheyo inowanzova manyowa ebhiza.
Kuti ugadzirire manyowa akadaro, zvakakosha kushandisa 100 kg yemashanga, 2,5 g yeammonium sulfate, superphosphate uye urea, pamwe chete nehafu kilogiramu yegypsum uye 250 magiramu echoko pamakirogiramu 400 ega ega manyowa ebhiza.
Kana murimi wehowa achizokura machampignon gore rose, ipapo nzira yekugadzira manyowa inofanira kuitika mumakamuri akakosha umo tembiricha yemhepo inochengetwa pamwero wepamusoro pe10 degrees Celsius. Kana howa dzichirimwa mwaka nemwaka, manyowa anogona kuiswa pasi pekanopi pamhepo.
Panguva yekugadzirira compost, zvakakosha kudzivirira zvikamu zvaro kubva pakusangana pasi. Kana zvisina kudaro, ma microorganisms akasiyana-siyana anokuvadza fungi anogona kupinda mairi.
Danho rekutanga rekugadzira manyowa rinosanganisira kutema sadza, mushure mezvo rinonyatsonyoroveswa nemvura kusvika yanyatsonyorova. Munzvimbo iyi, inosara kwemazuva maviri, mushure mezvo inosanganiswa nemapfudze, iyo inoiswa nguva dzose muzvikamu. Uswa panguva yekuisa hunofanira kunyoroveswa nemamineral fertilizer, iyo inofanira kutanga yakaderedzwa mumvura. Saka, iwe unofanirwa kuwana murwi wakaita shaft, kuyera mita imwe nehafu pakureba nehupamhi. Panofanira kunge paine makirogiramu zana emashanga mumurwi wakadaro, zvikasadaro nzira yekuvirisa inononoka, kana tembiricha yekudziya yakaderera haibvumire kutanga zvachose. Mushure menguva yakati, murwi wakaumbwa unokanganiswa nekuwedzerwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwemvura. Kugadzirwa kwekompositi kunoda kuputika mana, uye nguva yose yekugadzirwa kwayo mazuva 100-20. Kana iyo tekinoroji yakateverwa, saka mazuva mashoma mushure mekuuraya kwekupedzisira, murwi uchamira kuburitsa ammonia, kunhuhwirira kwehunhu kuchanyangarika, uye ruvara rwehuwandu pachahwo huchave hwakasviba. Ipapo manyowa akapedzwa anogoverwa mumidziyo yakakosha kana mibhedha inoumbwa kubva mairi, umo howa huchadyarwa.
Dyara mycelium
Kuberekana kwemaindasitiri champignons kunoitika nenzira yezvinomera, nekudyara mycelium mucompost yakagadzirwa, inowanikwa mumarabhoritari. Pakati pematanho ekudyara mycelium, zvakakosha kutarisisa iyo cellar, mukati mayo zviri nyore kuchengetedza yakakwira humidity yemhepo, pamwe neyakakwana tembiricha chiratidzo. Izvo zvinodikanwa kutenga mycelium chete kubva kune vanozivikanwa vatengesi, sezvo kutyora tekinoroji pane imwe nhanho yekugadzirwa kwe mycelium kunokanganisa kukura kweiyo mycelium. Kusunungurwa kwe mycelium kunoitwa mumagranules kana nenzira ye compost blocks isingade self-composting. Chinonhonga howa chinofanirwa kudyarwa mucompost yakaomeswa, saka inofanira kupararira muchidimbu chitete kusvika tembiricha yadzo yadzika kusvika 25 degrees Celsius. Yeuka kuti pakarepo mushure mekudyara, maitiro anoitika mukati me compost, semugumisiro wekupisa kwayo kunokwira. Patani imwe neimwe yemacompost, makirogiramu matanhatu kana gumi marita emycelium anofanira kudyarwa. Pakudyara, zvakakosha kugadzirira makomba mucompost, iyo yakadzika inofanira kuva 6 cm, uye danho rinofanira kuva 10 cm. Makomba ari mumitsetse yakatarisana anofanira kudzedzereka. Kudyara kunoitwa nemaoko ega kana nerubatsiro rwekucheka kwakakosha uye roller.
Kana mycelium yadyarwa, manyowa anofanirwa kufukidzwa nebepa, mashanga kana kuti burlap kuitira kuti mwando ugare urimo. Kuti uzvidzivirire kubva pakuonekwa kwezvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakakosha kurapa ne 2% formalin solution mazuva ose matatu. Munguva yekushandiswa kwetekinoroji yekusavhara, manyowa anonyoroveswa nekudiridza madziro uye pasi, nekuti kana iwe ukadiridza manyowa pachayo, ipapo pane mukana mukuru wekuvandudza mycelium zvirwere. Munguva yekumera kwayo, kutonhora kwemhepo kunogara kuri pamusoro pemadhigirii makumi maviri nematatu, uye tembiricha yecompost inofanira kunge iri pakati pe23-24 degrees.
Kukura nekukohwa
Mycelium, paavhareji, inokura mumazuva 10-12. Munguva iyi, maitiro anoshanda ekuumbwa kwetambo dzakatetepa chena - hyphae - inoitika mucompost. Pavanotanga kuonekwa pamusoro pemacompost, vanofanira kusaswa nepeat nechoko, 3 centimita gobvu. Mushure memazuva 4-5 mushure meizvi, kutonhora muimba kunofanira kuderedzwa kusvika ku17 degrees. Mukuwedzera, zvakakosha kuti utange kunwisa denga revhu repamusoro neine tsvina yekudiridza. Panguva yekudiridza, zvakakosha kuona mamiriro ekuti mvura inoramba iri pamusoro uye haipindi mucompost. Kugara kunowanikwa kwemhepo yakachena kunokosha zvakare, izvo zvichange zvichikanganisa kukura kwehowa. Humidity muimba panguva iyoyo inofanira kunge yakagadzikana muhuwandu hwe60-70%. Kukura kwemachampignons kunotanga pazuva re20-26 mushure mekudyara mycelium. Kana iwo akanyanya mamiriro ekukura achinyatsocherechedzwa, kuibva kwehowa kunoitika zvakanyanya, nekuputsika pakati pepamusoro pemazuva 3-5. Howa dzinokohwewa nemaoko nekuvamonyorora kunze kwe mycelium.
Parizvino, vatungamiriri mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri echampignons vanosanganisira USA, Great Britain, France, Korea neChina. Mumakore achangopfuura, Nyika Yedu yakatangawo kushingaira kushandisa matekinoroji ekunze mukurima howa.
Howa dzinounganidzwa pane ambient tembiricha 12-18 madhigirii. Usati watanga kuunganidza, imba yacho inofanira kunge ine ventilated, izvi zvinodzivisa kukura kwehunyoro, semugumisiro wekuti mavara anoonekwa pahowa caps. Nekuonekwa chaiko kwefungus, unogona kuona kana yava nguva yekuibvisa. Kana iyo firimu inobatanidza chivharo uye gumbo rave rakatambanudzwa zvakanyanya, asi risati rabvaruka, ino ndiyo nguva yekuunganidza champignon. Mushure mekunhonga howa, hunosarudzwa, hunorwara nehwakakuvara hunoraswa, uye humwe hwose hunoiswa mupakiti hwoendeswa kunzvimbo dzinotengeswa.