Kufambira mberi kwevanhu uye rusununguko

10 zviuru zvemakore apfuura BC, munzvimbo diki kwazvo yaigara vanhu panguva iyoyo, iyo muMupata weJorodhani, shanduko yeNeolithic yakaitika munguva pfupi-pfupi-munhu akapingudza gorosi nemhuka. Hatizive kuti sei izvi zvakaitika ipapo ipapo - pamwe nekuda kwekutonhora kwakanyanya kwakaitika muEarly Dryas. MaEarly Dryas akauraya tsika dzeClavist muAmerica, asi dzinogona kunge dzakamanikidza tsika dzeNatufian muMupata weJorodhani mune zvekurima. Yakanga iri shanduko yakashandura zvachose chimiro chevanhu, uye pamwe nayo pfungwa itsva yenzvimbo yakasimuka, pfungwa itsva yepfuma (gorosi yandakakura ndeyega, asi howa musango inogoverwa).

Munhu akapinda musymbiosis nezvinomera nemhuka, uye nhoroondo yese yakatevera yevanhu, kazhinji, nhoroondo yesymbiosis nezvirimwa nemhuka, nekuda kwekuti munhu anogona kurarama munzvimbo dzakadai uye kushandiswa. zvinhu zvakadaro zvaaisambogona kushandisa zvakananga. Pano, munhu haadyi uswa, asi gwai, nzvimbo inofamba yekugadzira uswa huve nyama, inomuitira basa iri. Muzana remakore rapfuura, symbiosis yemunhu ane michina yakawedzerwa kune izvi.

Asi, pano, chinonyanya kukosha kune nyaya yangu ndechekuti vazukuru veNatufians vakakunda pasi rose. MaNatufian akanga asiri maJuda, asiri maArabu, asiri maSumer, asiri maChina, aive madzitateguru emarudzi ese aya. Inenge mitauro yose inotaurwa munyika, kunze kwemitauro yeAfrica, Papua New Guinea uye rudzi rweQuechua, ndiyo mitauro yevazukuru veavo, vachishandisa tekinoroji iyi yesymbiosis nechirimwa kana mhuka, yakagara mhiri kweEurasia mireniyamu mushure memireniyamu. Mhuri yeSino-Caucasian, kureva, vese veChechens neChinese, mhuri yepoly-Asiatic, kureva, vese vaHuns nemaKets, mhuri yebhariya, kureva, maIndo-European, uye vanhu vekuFinno-Ugric, uye vaSemite-Khamites - vose ava zvizvarwa zvevaya vane makore anopfuura zviuru gumi BC muMupata waJorodhani vakadzidza kurima gorosi.

Saka, ndinofunga, vazhinji vakanzwa kuti Europe muUpper Paleolithic yaigara Cro-Magnons uye kuti iyi Cro-Magnon pano, uyo akatsiva Neanderthal, uyo akadhirowa mifananidzo mubako, uye saka unofanira kunzwisisa kuti pakanga pasina chinhu. kuruboshwe kwevaCro-Magnons vaigara muEurope yose, zvishoma kudarika kubva kumaIndia eNorth America - vakanyangarika zvachose, avo vakapenda mifananidzo mumapako. Mutauro wavo, tsika, tsika dzakatsiviwa zvachose nevazukuru veaya mafungu mushure mekupingudza gorosi, nzombe, mbongoro nemabhiza. Kunyange maCelt, Etruscans uye Pelasgians, vanhu vakatonyangarika, variwo vazukuru veNatufians. Ichi ndicho chidzidzo chekutanga chandinoda kutaura, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kunopa mukana usina kumboitika mukubereka.

Uye zviuru gumi zvemakore apfuura BC, shanduko yeNeolithic yakaitika. Mushure mezviuru zvishoma zvemakore, maguta ekutanga ari kutoonekwa kwete muMupata weJoridhani chete, asi kumativi ose. Rimwe remaguta ekutanga evanhu - Jeriko, 10 zviuru zvemakore BC. Zvakaoma kuchera. Zvakanaka, semuenzaniso, Chatal-Guyuk yakacherwa muAsia Minor zvishoma gare gare. Uye kubuda kwemaguta mugumisiro wekukura kwevanhu, nzira itsva yenzvimbo. Uye zvino ndinoda kuti ufunge zvakare mutsara wandakati: "Maguta akaonekwa." Nokuti mutsara unonzi banal, uye mairi, chaizvoizvo, mhirizhonga inotyisa inoshamisa.

Chokwadi ndechokuti nyika yanhasi inogarwa nenyika dzakatambanudzwa, migumisiro yokukunda. Iko hakuna maguta-nyika munyika yanhasi, zvakanaka, kunze kweimwe Singapore. Saka kekutanga munhoroondo yevanhu, nyika haina kuonekwa semugumisiro wekukunda kweimwe hondo ine mambo ari pamusoro, nyika yakaonekwa seguta - rusvingo, temberi, nyika dziri pedyo. Uye kwezviuru zvishanu zvemakore kubva ku5 kusvika ku8rd millennium BC, nyika yaivepo seguta chete. Zviuru zvitatu chete zvemakore BC, kubva panguva yaSargon weAkkad, humambo hwakawedzerwa hunotanga semugumisiro wekukundwa kwemaguta aya.

Uye mukurongeka kweguta rino, 2 pfungwa dzakanyanya kukosha, imwe yacho, kutarisa mberi, ndinoona ichikurudzira zvikuru kuvanhu, uye imwe, pane zvinopesana, inoshungurudza. Zvinofadza kuti mumaguta aya makanga musina madzimambo. Hunokosha zvikuru. Pano, ini ndinowanzo kubvunzwa mubvunzo "Kazhinji, madzimambo, alpha varume - munhu angave asina ivo here?" Hezvinoi chaizvo zvarinogona kuita. Mudzidzisi wangu uye mutariri, Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov, anowanzoomerera kune maonero akajeka, anotenda kuti muvanhu, semamwe maape epamusoro, basa remutungamiri rinoderedzwa kana richienzaniswa netsoko dzakaderera. Uye munhu pakutanga aingova nemadzimambo anoera chete. Ini ndinorerekera kune imwe nzvimbo isina kwayakarerekera yemaonero, maererano neayo munhu, chaizvo nekuti haana genetic akatemerwa maitiro ehunhu, anochinja nyore nzira, izvo, nenzira, zvakare hunhu hwemaapes akakwirira, nekuti zvakanaka. zvinozivikanwa kuti mapoka emachimpanzi anogona kusiyana pamaitiro kubva kune mumwe nemumwe semasamurai anobva kuEurope. Uye kune zviitiko zvakanyorwa apo muboka reorangutan murume mukuru, kana pane ngozi, anomhanyira mberi uye anorova, uye vamwe, apo mune rimwe boka hono huru inotanga kutiza.

Pano, zvinoita sekunge munhu anogona kugara semhuri ine murume mumwe chete munharaunda, murume ane mukadzi, anogona kugadzira mapaketi ehuerarchical ane murume ane simba neharem, yekutanga kana paine rugare nekuwanda, yechipiri kana hondo. uye kushomeka. Muchipiri, nenzira, nyaya, varume vakaitwa zvakanaka vanogara vakarongeka kuita chimwe chinhu chakaita seproto-mauto. Kazhinji, kunze kweizvozvo, kurara kwechingochani pakati pevakomana vechidiki kunoratidzika kunge kwakanaka kwemaitiro kunowedzera kubatsirana mukati meuto rakadaro. Uye iko zvino hunhu uhu hwakadonhedzwa zvishoma uye ngochani dzinoonekwa sechikadzi munyika yedu. Uye, kazhinji, munhoroondo yevanhu, ngochani dzaive dzakanyanya kurwisa. Vese Epaminondas naPelopidas, kazhinji, boka rose rinoera reTheban vaive ngochani. VaSamurai vaiva ngochani. Nharaunda dzemauto dzorudzi urwu dzakanga dzakakurumbira zvikuru pakati pevaGermany vekare. Kazhinji, iyi mienzaniso yebhanari. Pano, kwete kunyanya banal - hwarang. MuKorea yekare maive nevakuru vemauto, uye zvinozivikanwa kuti, kunze kwehasha muhondo, veHwarang vaive vakadzi zvakanyanya, vakapenda zviso zvavo, uye vakapfeka zvine mutsindo.

Zvakanaka, kudzokera kumaguta ekare. Vakanga vasina madzimambo. Iko hakuna imba yamambo muChatal-Guyuk kana muMohenjo-Daro. Kwaiva navamwari, gare gare pakava negungano rakakurumbira, rakanga riine zvimiro zvakasiyana. Pane epic nezveGilgamesh, mutongi weguta reUruk, akatonga mukupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX BC. Uruk yaitongwa neparamende yebicameral, yekutanga (paramende) yevakuru, yechipiri kune vese vanokwanisa kutakura zvombo.

Zvinonzi mudetembo reparamende, ndosaka. Uruk panguva ino iri pasi perimwe guta, Kish. Kish anoda vashandi vanobva kuUruk kuti vaite basa rekudiridza. Gilgamesh anobvunza kuti ateerere Kish here. Dare reVakuru rinoti "Tumira," Dare reVarwi rinoti "Kurwa." Gilgamesh anokunda hondo, chaizvoizvo, izvi zvinosimbisa simba rake.

Pano, ndakati ndiye mutongi weguta reUruk, maererano, mumutauro we "lugal". Iri izwi rinowanzo shandurwa se «mambo», izvo zvisina kunaka zvachose. Lugal angori mutungamiri wemauto anosarudzwa kwenguva yakatarwa, kazhinji anosvika makore manomwe. Uye kubva munyaya yaGilgamesh, zviri nyore kunzwisisa kuti munguva yehondo yakabudirira, uye hazvina basa kuti inodzivirira kana inogumbura, mutongi akadaro anogona nyore kutendeuka kuva mutongi oga. Zvisinei, lugal haasi mambo, asi kuti mutungamiri. Uyezve, zviri pachena kuti mune mamwe maguta shoko rokuti "lugal" riri pedyo neshoko rokuti "purezidhendi" mumutsara we "President Obama", mune mamwe ari pedyo nechirevo chezwi rokuti "purezidhendi" mumutsara we "President Putin". ».

Semuenzaniso, kune guta reEbla - iri ndiro guta guru rekutengesa reSumer, iri iguta rine vanhu zviuru mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu, iro rakanga risina vakaenzana kuMabvazuva panguva iyoyo. Saka, kutozosvikira parufu rwake, akanga asina uto renguva dzose.

Chechipiri chinoshungurudza mamiriro andiri kuda kutaura ndechekuti maive nerusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika mumaguta ese aya. Uye kunyangwe Ebla yaive yakasununguka mune zvematongerwo enyika makore zviuru zvishanu BC kupfuura nharaunda iyi ikozvino. Uye, pano, pakanga pasina rusununguko rwehupfumi mavari pakutanga. Kazhinji, mumaguta ekutanga aya, hupenyu hwaidzorwa zvakaipisisa. Uye zvakanyanya kukosha, Ebla yakafa kubva pakuti yakakundwa naSargon weAkkad mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 5 BC. Iyi ndiyo nyika yekutanga Hitler, Attila naGenghis Khan mune rimwe bhodhoro, iro rinokunda anenge maguta ose eMesopotamia. Rondedzero yezvekufambidzana yaSargoni inoita seizvi: gore iro Sargoni akaparadza Uruki, gore iro Sargoni akaparadza Eramu.

Sargoni akavaka guta rake guru Akkad munzvimbo yakanga isina kubatana nemaguta matsvene ekare ekutengeserana. Makore okupedzisira aSargoni ikoko akanga ane nzara nourombo. Mushure mekufa kwaSargon, humambo hwake hwakapanduka, asi zvakakosha kuti munhu uyu mukati memakore zviuru zviviri anotevera ... Kwete kunyange zviuru zviviri zvemakore. Kutaura idi, akafuridzira vakundi vose venyika, nokuti vaAsiria, vaHiti, vaBhabhironi, vaMedhia, vaPersia vakatevera Sargoni. Uye tichifunga nezvekuti Koreshi akatevedzera Sarigoni, Alexander Mukuru akatevedzera Koreshi, Napoleon akatevedzera Alexander Mukuru, Hitler akatevedzera Napoleon kusvika pamwero wakati, saka tinogona kutaura kuti tsika iyi, iyo yakatanga 2 zviuru zvemakore BC, yakasvika mazuva edu. uye yakagadzira matunhu ese aripo.

Sei ndiri kutaura nezvazvo? Muzana remakore rechitatu BC, Herodotus anonyora bhuku "Nhoroondo" pamusoro pekusununguka kweGreece yakarwa sei neAsia inodzvinyirira, isu tave tichirarama mune iyi paradigm kubva ipapo. Middle East inyika yehudzvanyiriri, Europe inyika yerusununguko. Dambudziko nderekuti classical despotism, nenzira iyo Herodotus anotyiswa nayo, inoonekwa kuMabvazuva mu3 mireniyamu BC, makore mashanu mushure mekuonekwa kwemaguta ekutanga. Zvakatora anotyisa despotic East makore 5 chete kubva mukuzvitonga kuenda kuhudzvanyiriri. Zvakanaka, ndinofunga kuti mademocracy mazhinji emazuva ano ane mukana wekutonga nekukurumidza.

Kutaura zvazviri, kudzvinyirirwa ikoko kwakanyorwa naHerodotus kwakakonzerwa nokukundwa kwemaguta eMiddle East, kupinzwa muumambo hwakawedzerwa. Uye maguta echiGiriki, vatakuri vepfungwa yorusununguko, vakabatanidzwa nenzira yakafanana muumambo hwakatambanudzwa—kutanga Roma, ipapo Byzantium. Iyi chaiyo Byzantium chiratidzo cheEast servity uye huranda. Uye, chokwadi, kutanga nhoroondo yeAncient East ikoko naSargon kwakafanana nekutanga nhoroondo yeEurope naHitler naStalin.

Ndiko kuti, dambudziko nderekuti munhoroondo yevanhu, rusununguko haruoneki zvachose muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX nekusainwa kweDeclaration of Independence, kana yechiXNUMX nekusaina kweLiberty Charter, kana, ipapo, nerusununguko. weAtene kubva kuPeisistratus. Yaigara ichimuka pakutanga, sekutonga, nenzira yemaguta akasununguka. Yakabva yaparara ndokuzobatanidzwa muumambo hwakatambanudzwa, uye maguta aivamo aivamo semitochondria muchitokisi. Uye pose pakanga pasina nyika yakatambanudzwa kana kuti yakapera simba, maguta aionekazve, nokuti maguta okuMiddle East akatanga kukundwa naSargoni, ipapo navaBhabhironi navaAsiria, maguta echiGiriki akakundwa navaRoma ... pakukunda kwakashanduka kuita hudzvanyiriri. Maguta eItaly, French, Spanish medieval anorasikirwa nerusununguko sezvo simba rehumambo rinokura, Hansa inorasikirwa nekukosha kwayo, maViking anonzi Russia "Gardarika", nyika yemaguta. Saka, nemaguta ese aya, chinhu chimwe chete chinoitika senge nemitemo yekare, macommodes eItaly kana maguta eSumerian. Lugals avo, akadana kudzivirira, anotora simba rose kana vakundi vanouya, ikoko, mambo weFrance kana maMongolia.

Iyi inguva yakakosha uye inosuwisa. Tinowanzoudzwa nezvekufambira mberi. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti munhoroondo yevanhu kune mhando imwe chete yekufambira mberi kusingaverengeki - uku ndiko kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi. Ndiyo nyaya isingawanzoiti iyi kana iyo tekinoroji yekuchinja, yakambowanikwa, yakakanganwa. Zvakasiyana zvinogona kutaurwa. Middle Ages vakakanganwa simende yaishandiswa nevaRoma. Zvakanaka, pano ndichaita chengetedzo kuti Roma yakashandisa simende inoputika, asi maitiro akafanana. Egypt, mushure mekupinda kwevanhu vegungwa, yakakanganwa tekinoroji yekugadzira simbi. Asi izvi ndizvo chaizvo kunze kwemutemo. Kana vanhu vakadzidza, semuenzaniso, kunyungudutsa ndarira, ipapo munguva pfupi Bronze Age ichatanga muEurope yose. Kana vanhu vakagadzira ngoro, nokukurumidza munhu wose achange akatasva ngoro. Asi, pano, kufambira mberi kwevanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika hakuoneki munhoroondo yevanhu - nhoroondo yemagariro inofamba mudenderedzwa, vanhu vose vari mumhepo, nekuda kwekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji. Uye chinhu chisingafadzi ndechekuti zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi zvinoisa chombo chinotyisa kwazvo mumaoko evavengi vebudiriro. Zvakanaka, saBin Laden asina kugadzira skyscrapers uye ndege, asi akazvishandisa nemazvo.

Ndakangoti muzana ramakore rechishanu Sargoni akakunda Mesopotamia, akaparadza maguta anozvitonga, akaashandura kuva zvidhinha zvehumambo hwake hwehudzvanyiriri. Vanhu vasina kuparadzwa vakava varanda kune imwe nzvimbo. Guta guru rakavambwa kure nemaguta ekare akasununguka. Sargoni ndiye mukundi wekutanga, asi kwete muparadzi wekutanga. Muchiuru chemakore che5, madzitateguru edu eIndo-European akaparadza budiriro yeVarna. Iyi ibudiriro inoshamisa, zvakasara zvayo zvakawanikwa netsaona panguva yekuchera matongo muna 1972. Chetatu cheVarna necropolis haisati yacherwa. Asi isu tatonzwisisa iye zvino kuti mu5th millennium BC, ndiko kuti, apo pakanga pachine zviuru zviuru makumi manomwe zvemakore zvakasara kusati kwaumbwa kweEgypt, muchikamu ichocho cheBalkan chakanga chakatarisana neGungwa reMediterranean, kwaiva netsika yeVinca yakagadziridzwa, sezviri pachena kutaura pedyo neSumerian. Yakanga iine proto-kunyora, zvinhu zvayo zvegoridhe kubva kuVarna necropolis zvinopfuura mumhando dzakasiyana makuva evafarao. Tsika dzavo hadzina kungoparadzwa chete - kwaive kuurayiwa kwevanhu. Eya, zvichida vamwe vapukunyuki vakatizira ikoko nomuBalkan ndokuumba vagari vekare veIndo-Europe veGreece, vaPelasgian.

Imwe budiriro yakaparadzwa zvachose nemaIndo-Europe. Pre-Indo-European budiriro yemadhorobha yeIndia Harappa Mohenjo-Daro. Ndiko kuti, kune zviitiko zvakawanda munhoroondo apo budiriro dzakasimukira dzakaparadzwa nevatorwa vane makaro vasina chavanorasikirwa nacho kunze kwenhapwa dzavo - ava ndivaHun, nemaAvars, nemaTurks, nemaMongolia.

MaMongol, nenzira, semuenzaniso, akaparadza kwete budiriro chete, asiwo ecology yeAfghanistan pavakaparadza maguta ayo uye nzira yekudiridza kuburikidza nematsime epasi pevhu. Vakashandura Afghanistan kubva kunyika yekutengeserana maguta uye minda yakaorera, iyo yakakundwa nemunhu wese, kubva kuna Alexander Mukuru kusvika kuHephthalites, munyika yerenje nemakomo, iyo isina munhu mushure meMongolia aigona kukunda. Pano, vazhinji vangangorangarira nyaya yekuti maTaliban akaputika sei zvidhori zvakakura zveBuddha pedyo neBamiyan. Kuputika zvidhori, hongu, hazvina kunaka, asi yeuka kuti Bamiyan pachake akanga akaita sei. Guta guru rekutengeserana, iro maMongolia akaparadza rose. Vakauraya 3 days, ndokudzoka, vouraya vaya vakakambaira vachibuda pasi pezvitunha.

MaMongolia akaparadza maguta kwete nokuda kwohuipi hwohunhu. Vakanga vasinganzwisisi kuti nei murume achida guta uye munda. Kubva pakuona kwemutama, guta nemunda inzvimbo isingagoni kufura nebhiza. VaHun vakazvibata nenzira imwechete uye nezvikonzero zvakafanana.

Saka maMongolia nemaHuns, hongu, anotyisa, asi zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti madzitateguru edu eIndo-European aive ane hutsinye hwerudzi urwu rwevakundi. Pano, vazhinji vanosimukira vakaparadza sezvavakaparadza, hapana kana Genghis Khan akaparadza. Neimwe nzira, ivo vakatonyanya kuipa kupfuura Sargon, nekuti Sargon akasika humambo hwehudzvanyiriri kubva kuvanhu vakaparadzwa, uye maIndo-Europeans haana kugadzira chero chinhu kubva kuVarna naMohenjo-Daro, vakangocheka.

Asi mubvunzo unonyanya kurwadza ndewekuti chii. Chii chaizvo chakabvumira maIndo-Europeans kana Sargon kana maHuns kupinda mukuparadza kukuru kudaro? Chii chakatadzisa vakundi venyika kuti vaonekwe imomo mumireniyamu yechinomwe BC? Mhinduro iri nyore kwazvo: pakanga pasina chekukunda. Chikonzero chikuru chekufa kwemaguta eSumerian chaive hupfumi hwavo, izvo zvakaita kuti hondo yekurwisana navo igoneke mune zvehupfumi. Sezvo chikonzero chikuru chekupinda kwevatorwa muhushe hweRoma kana China kwaive kubudirira kwavo.

Saka, mushure mekubuda kwemaguta-nyika, budiriro dzakashongedzwa dzinoonekwa dzinoita parasiti pavari. Uye, kutaura zvazviri, nyika dzese dzemazuva ano mhedzisiro yekukunda kwekare uye kunowanzodzokororwa.

Uye chechipiri, chii chinoita kuti kukunda uku kubvire? Aya ndiwo budiriro yehunyanzvi, iyo, zvakare, haina kugadzirwa nevakundi pachavo. Handiti bin Laden akagadzira ndege. VaIndo-Europe vakaparadza Varna pamabhiza, asi havana kuvabata, zvichida. Vakaparadza Mohenjo-Daro pangoro, asi ngoro ndeyechokwadi, zvichida, kwete Indo-European invention. Sargon weAkkad akakunda Sumer nekuti yaive Bronze Age uye varwi vake vaive nezvombo zvebhuronzi. “Varwi mazana mashanu namazana mana vanodya zvokudya zvavo pamberi pangu mazuva ose,” akadaro Sargoni. Makore ane chiuru izvi zvisati zvaitika, nhamba yevarwi yakadaro yakanga isina revo. Nhamba yemaguta aizobhadhara kuvapo kwemuchina wokuparadza wakadaro akanga asipo. Pakanga pasina chombo chakaita kuti murwi agone kukunda munhu wacho.

Saka ngatipei muchidimbu. Pano, kubva pakutanga kweBronze Age, 4th millennium BC, maguta ekutengeserana akamuka muAncient East (pamberi payo akanga ari matsvene), ayo aitongwa negungano rakakurumbira uye lugal yakasarudzwa kwenguva. Mamwe emaguta aya ari kurwa nevakwikwidzi vakaita seUruk, mamwe anenge asina uto rakaita seEbla. Mune dzimwe, mutungamiri wenguva pfupi anova wechigarire, mune vamwe haadaro. Kutanga kubva ku3rd millennium BC, vakundi vanodirana kumaguta aya senhunzi kuuchi, uye kubudirira kwavo uye kunokonzera kufa kwavo sekubudirira kweEurope yemazuva ano ndicho chikonzero chekutama kwehuwandu hwemaArabu uye kuti budiriro yehushe hweRoma hwaive sei. chikonzero chokutama kwenhamba huru dzevaGermany ikoko.

Muma2270, Sargon weAkkad anokunda ese. Ipapo Ur-Nammu, iyo inogadzira imwe yenzvimbo dzakasarudzika uye dzehudzvanyiriri munyika ine pakati peguta reUri. Ipapo Hammurabi, tevere vaAsiria. Northern Anatolia inokundwa nevaIndo-European, vane hama dzakaparadza Varna, Mohenjo-Daro naMycenae kare kare. Kubva muzana remakore re XIII, nekupinda kwevanhu vegungwa muMiddle East, nguva yerima inotanga zvachose, munhu wose anodya munhu wose. Rusununguko runozvarwa patsva muGreece uye runofa apo, mushure mekukunda kwakatevedzana, Girisi inoshanduka kuita Byzantium. Rusununguko runomutsiridzwa mumaguta ekare eItaly, asi anotorwazve nevadzvanyiriri uye humambo hwakawedzerwa.

Uye idzi nzira dzese dzerufu rwerusununguko, budiriro uye noosphere dzakawanda, asi dzine magumo. Ivo vanogona kuverengerwa sePropp yakarongedza motif dzengano. Guta rekutengesa rinofa kubva kune zvipembenene zvemukati kana kubva kunze. Pamwe anokundwa savaSumeri kana maGiriki, kana iye pachake, pakudzivirira, anovandudza uto rinoshanda zvokuti anoshanduka kuita humambo hwakafanana neRoma. Humambo hwekudiridza hunoshanduka husina kushanda uye hunokundwa. Kana kuti kazhinji inokonzera salinization yevhu, inofa pachayo.

MuEbla, mutongi wechigarire akatsiva mutongi, akanga asarudzwa kwemakore 7, ipapo Sargoni akauya. Mumaguta emuItaly medieval, condottiere akatanga kutora simba pamusoro peguta, ipapo mumwe mambo weFrance akauya, muridzi wehumambo hwakareba, akakunda zvese.

Imwe nzira kana imwe, nharaunda yemagariro haina kukura kubva kuhudzvanyiriri kuenda kurusununguko. Mukupesana, munhu akarasikirwa nealpha murume padanho rekuumbwa kwerudzi anoiwana zvakare kana murume wealpha agamuchira matekinoroji matsva, mauto, uye hutungamiriri. Uye chinhu chinonyanya kugumbura ndechekuti, sekutonga, anogamuchira matekinoroji aya semugumisiro wezvigadzirwa zvevamwe vanhu. Uye kunenge kwese kubudirira munoosphere - kubudirira kwemaguta, ngoro, kudiridza - kunokonzera njodzi yemagariro, kunyange dzimwe nguva idzi njodzi dzinotungamirira kune zvitsva zvitsva mu noosphere. Somuenzaniso, rufu nokuputsika kwoUmambo hweRoma nokukunda kwechiKristu, kunovenga zvikuru rusununguko rwekare nokushivirira, zvakatungamirira nenzira isingakarirwi kuidi rokuti kwenguva yokutanga muzviuru zvamakore anoverengeka, simba rinoyera rakaparadzaniswazve nesimba renyika, rehondo. . Uye, saka, kubva paruvengo uye kukwikwidzana pakati pezviremera zviviri izvi, pakupedzisira, rusununguko rutsva rweEurope rwakazvarwa.

Heano mashoma mapoinzi andaida kucherechedza kuti kune kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi uye kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi ndiyo injini yekushanduka kwevanhu. Asi, nekufambira mberi kwevanhu, mamiriro acho ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru. Uye apo tinoudzwa nomufaro kuti “unoziva, tiri pano, kwenguva yokutanga, pakupedzisira, Europe yasununguka uye nyika yasununguka,” ipapo kazhinji zvikuru munhau yorudzi rwomunhu, mamwe mativi orudzi rwomunhu akasununguka. uye vakazorasikirwa nerusununguko rwavo nekuda kwemaitiro emukati.

Ndaida kuona kuti munhu haadi kuteerera varume vealpha, kutenda Mwari, asi anoda kuteerera tsika. Gu.e. kutaura, munhu haadi kuteerera mudzvanyiriri, asi anowanzo kudzora maererano nehupfumi, maererano nekugadzirwa. Uye zvakaitika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, apo muAmerica mumwechete maive nehope dzekuAmerica uye pfungwa yekuve bhirioni, izvo, zvisingaite, zvinopokana nedzakadzika dzika dzevanhu, nekuti kwezviuru zvemakore, vanhu, zvisinganzwisisiki, yave ichibatanidzwa mune iyo yakagovana hupfumi hwevanhu vakapfuma pakati penhengo dzeboka. Izvi zvakaitika kunyange muGreece yekare, zvakatonyanya kuitika munharaunda dzekare, apo munhu akapa pfuma kune vamwe vedzinza rake kuti awedzere simba rake. Pano, vane simba vakateererwa, vanokudzwa vaiteererwa, uye vapfumi munhoroondo yevanhu, zvinosuruvarisa, havana kumbodiwa. Kufambira mberi kweEurope kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX kwakasiyana. Uye ndiko kusarudzika uku kwakatungamira kukukura kusati kwamboitika kwevanhu.